Corn Hull Hydrolysis Using Glucoamylase and Sulfuric Acid

Osborn, David; Chen, L. F.

doi:10.1002/star.19840361106

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Assuming all of the first three sugars and the uronic acids constituted the hemicellulose component of the initial fiber, then an average of 37% of the fiber was in the form of xylan. This number agrees well with previously published values (Wolf et al, 1953;Kies et al, 1982;Osborn and Chen, 1984).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Extraction and Characterization of Hemicellulose from the Corn Fiber Produced by Corn Wet-Milling Processes

Hespell

1998

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The industrial processing of corn by wet-milling converts the hull layer into the byproduct known as corn fiber, which is combined with other materials (e.g., steep and fermentation liquids) to make corn gluten feed. Increased fuel ethanol production from corn will necessitate other uses of corn fiber. More than 30% of the corn fiber is in the form of a xylan (CFX) composed mainly of xylose and arabinose. Various procedures were examined for rapid extraction of CFX from corn fiber to obtain a purified material with good recoveries. Using 2% calcium hydroxide and precipitation with ethanol yielded a relatively pure CFX material but required long extraction times (16−20 h) and produced a hard, insoluble fiber residue. Extractions with 15% ammonium hydroxide yielded a rather impure CFX material and required similar long extraction times. Extraction with potassium hydroxide solutions were attempted using various combinations of time, temperature, and concentrations. Extraction with 2% potassium hydroxide at 70 °C for 4−6 h, coupled with calcium hydroxide treatment of the dissolved CFX, produced a highly pure CFX material composed of about 94% neutral sugars (34% arabinose, 52% xylose, 7% galactose, 8% glucose), 7% hexuronic acids, and 3% protein. The overall CFX yields were good (15%), and the residual fiber material still appeared physically suitable for use as a feed or for other uses. Keywords: Xylan; hemicellulose; corn fiber; corn hull; corn gum; corn xylan; arabinoxylan; pentosan

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Extraction and Characterization of Hemicellulose from the Corn Fiber Produced by Corn Wet-Milling Processes

Hespell

1998

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…The lignocellulosic residues (pretreated fiber) from fractionation of corn fiber at 215 °C with hot liquid water at 5% solids loading and with steam at 70% solids loading were both reactive (86 and 90% conversion of glucan to ethanol vs 64% conversion of glucan to ethanol with the untreated corn fiber). Considerably less severe conditions (reaction temperature of approximately 120 °C) have also proven successful for pretreating corn fiber with hot liquid water and steam, for conversion of glucan to ethanol. Conversion of the pentosans, however, required additional pretreatment with dilute acid. , The production of inhibitory substances is an obstacle, though, for fermentation of liquid products from the dilute-acid pretreatment of corn fiber .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considerably less severe conditions (reaction temperature of approximately 120 °C) have also proven successful for pretreating corn fiber with hot liquid water and steam, for conversion of glucan to ethanol. Conversion of the pentosans, however, required additional pretreatment with dilute acid. , The production of inhibitory substances is an obstacle, though, for fermentation of liquid products from the dilute-acid pretreatment of corn fiber . Because removal of glucan from the fiber was significant during the pretreatments evaluated in this study (Table ), fermentation of the solubilized glucan would be necessary to achieve a higher conversion to ethanol per bushel of corn than is possible by fermentation of the corn fiber without any pretreatment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison between Hot Liquid Water and Steam Fractionation of Corn Fiber

Allen¹,

Schulman²,

Lichwa³

et al. 2001

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

158

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Dried, milled corn fiber (0.2-0.5 kg) was fractionated by treatment with either hot liquid water (3-4 kg) at low solids loadings (5-10%) or steam (0.1-0.4 kg) at high solids loadings (>50%) at 210-220 °C for 2 min, using the same novel process equipment. Pentosan recovery and inhibition of yeast fermentation were evaluated and compared. In addition, the reactivity of pretreated fiber with respect to enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated using a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) system consisting of β-glucosidase-supplemented Trichoderma reesei cellulase together with fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Greater solubilization was achieved at 215 °C with hot liquid water at 5% solids loading than with steam at 70% solids loading (54% solubilization vs 37%). The lignocellulosic residue from this hot liquid water fractionation was enriched in glucan. Conversely, the steam fractionation caused no significant change in the fraction of glucan in the residue, relative to the feed material. In both cases, the pentosan fraction of the lignocellulosic residue was reduced, with the steam fractionation resulting in a larger reduction of these carbohydrates. Steam fractionation (70% solids loading) resulted in much lower pentosan recovery (as monosaccharides after posthydrolysis) than fractionation with hot liquid water at 5% solids loading (40% vs 82%). In both cases, the majority of the solubilized pentosans existed as oligomers (>80%). These recoveries indicate that the monosaccharides are protected while in the form of oligomers because recoveries of largely oligomeric carbohydrates are higher than recoveries of monomeric xylose pretreated under similar conditions. The lignocellulosic residues from fractionation at 215 °C with hot liquid water at 5% solids loading and with steam at 70% solids loading were both reactive to enzymatic hydrolysis, exhibiting 86 and 90% conversion of glucan to ethanol respectively vs 64% conversion with untreated corn fiber, obtained by SSF at an enzymatic loading of 15 FPU cellulase/g of cellulose.The liquid product (extract) from the hot liquid water fractionation did not inhibit the final yield of glucose fermentation by S. cerivisiae, while the liquid product from the steam fractionation did.

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“…In the US, ethanol is produced from corn starch [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], and ethanol production from corn stover has been the subject of an intensive research effort in the US, due to its potential to generate industrial amounts of ethanol [22].…”

Section: Cornmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass Residues in Brazil: Availability and Potential Uses

Ferreira-Leitão

Gottschalk

Ferrara

et al. 2010

Waste Biomass Valor

226

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Agroindustrial and forestry residues, which are by-products of key industrial and economical activities, stand out as potential raw materials for the production of renewable fuels, chemicals and energy. The use of wastes is advantageous as their availability is not hindered by a requirement for arable land for the production of food and feed. In addition, waste utilization prevents its accumulation, which is of great environmental concern due to its potential for contamination of rivers and underground water. In Brazil, the agroindustry of corn (13767400 ha), sugarcane (7080920 ha), rice (2890930 ha), cassava (1894460 ha), wheat (1853220 ha), citrus (930591 ha), coconut (283205 ha), and grass (140000 ha) collectively occupies an area of 28840726 ha (FAOSTAT, http://www. faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor) and generates 597 million tons of residue per year. By itself, this scale of operation calls for new solutions aiming for the appropriate utilization of these valuable resources. However, innovative dealings must be environmentally and economically acceptable and, most importantly, have social meaning. Indeed, great social benefits could draw from novel yearround activities as alternatives for the typical seasonal jobs in agroindustry. Considering the production of biomass ethanol, the abundance of feedstock near the site of processing must be taken into account, as low-density biomass involves significant handling and transportation costs. Within this context, the crushed stalk of sugar cane (bagasse) and straw are obvious choices, although bagasse is often burned for the production of steam (heat) and power/electricity in sugar-ethanol mills and important amounts of straw are needed to keep the soil nutrients balance. Other agricultural by-products of importance in Brazil, such as corn straw, wheat straw, rice straw and rice hulls, grass and forestry materials and residues from citrus, coconut and cassava processing, also deserve attention as local feedstock for the development of new and profitable activities. As each type of feedstock demands the development of tailor-made technology, the diversity of the aforementioned raw materials could allow for new solutions for the production of chemicals, fuels and energy in accordance with the local availability of these materials.

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Corn Hull Hydrolysis Using Glucoamylase and Sulfuric Acid

Cited by 27 publications

References 2 publications

Extraction and Characterization of Hemicellulose from the Corn Fiber Produced by Corn Wet-Milling Processes

Extraction and Characterization of Hemicellulose from the Corn Fiber Produced by Corn Wet-Milling Processes

A Comparison between Hot Liquid Water and Steam Fractionation of Corn Fiber

Biomass Residues in Brazil: Availability and Potential Uses

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