Corking disorders of apples: A physiological and biochemical review

Faust, Miklos; Shear, C. B.

doi:10.1007/bf02859134

Cited by 141 publications

(135 citation statements)

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“…They studied the effect of Na+ and NH4+ on Ca uptake and did not keep the N level constant throughout the experiments. The high N level of the NH4+ treatments could have influenced Ca deficiency conditions (10). We have observed decreased Ca transport into mature leaves in short term experiments (1 week) when NH4+ was applied either in the nutrient solution or as a spray.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Calcium Transport in Apple Trees

Shear

Faust

1970

Plant Physiol.

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45Ca, applied to roots of apple seedlings, moved readily to the developing leaves. Kinetin, benzyladenine, and B sprays increased movement. NO,-as the source of N increased movement and accumulation of Ca into mature leaves; NH4+ increased movement into new leaves. Translocation in the stem is effected by a nonspecific ion exchange. Any divalent cation can free Ca for ascent. The exchange may be a property of lignin. Genetic differences in the uptake and translocation of Ca exist among apple seedlings. Those which show juvenile leaf characteristics translocate Ca into mature leaves more readily. Translocation of Ca in woody species appears to be similar to that reported for herbaceous plants.Sufficient Ca in the fruit may prevent the development of several physiological disorders of the apple (10, 29). Ca may be translocated into the fruit for a short time only at the beginning of the growth of the fruit, or throughout the entire growing season (39). Occasionally, Ca may even decrease in the fruit, perhaps being transported back into the tree (39).Ca movement in the tree must be understood before Ca translocation into the fruit can be influenced. We grew the seedlings in solution culture with vigorous aeration in 1-liter brown plastic bottles. The composition of the nutrient solutions are given in Table I. Prior to this time, the seedlings had been grown for 6 to 8 weeks in flats of quartz sand or in aerated solution culture receiving the intermediate level of Ca, and N as } NH4+ and T NO3-. The solutions were changed weekly until the plants reached the height of 25 to 30 cm. Then 12 ,uc of 45Ca were added to the solution. Seedlings were harvested 1 week after the addition of 45Ca. Appropriate tissue samples were prepared for counting, and autoradiographs were made of the whole plants.In the soil experiment we grew the seedlings for 2 years in 3-gallon crocks of a soil-sand-peat mixture with which the following quantities of salts had been thoroughly mixed at planting time: KH2PO4, 10.5 g; Mg(OH)2, 4.5 g; Ca(OH)2, 4.5 g; and either NaNO3, 18 g; NH4N03, 9 g; or (NH4)2S04, 15 g. To inhibit the conversion of NH4+ to NO3-, 0.06 g of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine was mixed with the substrate. During the second growing season only the N sources in solution were added to the crocks at the following weekly rates: NaNO3, 15 g; NH4NO3, 7.1 g; or (NH4)2SO4, 6 g plus NH40H(28%), 10 ml.Autoradiographs were prepared by using 8 x 10-inch Kodak no-screen ready-pack X-ray film. Envelopes of film were opened; plants previously mounted on cardboard and dried were placed in the envelope; the envelope was sealed with black plastic tape; and the film was exposed for 1 week.Samples for radioactivity were counted in a planchet-counting system equipped with a gas flow detector. Ca in the leaves was analyzed with an "emission" spectrometer. Details of this analysis have been described previously (11).We measured Ca exchange from the sites by the use of 5-cm stem pieces from plants grown in 45Ca. Stems were inverted and t...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Sufficient Ca in the fruit may prevent the development of several physiological disorders of the apple (10,29). Ca may be translocated into the fruit for a short time only at the beginning of the growth of the fruit, or throughout the entire growing season (39).…”

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confidence: 99%

Calcium Transport in Apple Trees

Shear

Faust

1970

Plant Physiol.

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“…The degree of control has been Development of bitter pit is also influvariable and appears to depend somewhat enced by storage conditions, being maximal upon cultivar (Fochessati 1975). Other in common storage, less in cold storage and beneficial effects of post-harvest Ca dips least in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage have included less breakdown and less loss (Faust and Shear 1968; Van der Boon et al of fruit firmness in storage (Porritt and 1969). Lidster 1978 For personal use only.…”

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Partial Control of Bitter Pit in Northern Spy Apples With a Post-Harvest Dip in Calcium Chloride Solution

Webster¹,

Forsyth²

1979

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Bitter pit of Northern Spy apples that were stored in air and in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage was decreased by a post-harvest dip in 4% CaCl2 solution containing 0.35% Keltrol. The calcium treatment also decreased breakdown, loss of fruit firmness, and loss of fruit acidity, and increased Ca content of apple cortex tissue. There was no fruit injury. The dip treatment increased rots in one instance, presumably from dispersal of fungal spores during the dipping process and not due to an effect of calcium. Absorption of Ca was slightly greater in CA storage than in air storage. Percent of apples with bitter pit (all treatments combined) was positively correlated with K content of leaf tissue, with Mg and K content of undipped fruit cortex tissue and with (K + Mg)/Ca ratios (eq/eq) of leaf and of undipped fruit cortex tissue. Leaf Ca was significantly related to pit when combined with leaf (K + Mg)/Ca in multiple regressions.

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“…Golden Delicious (data not shown). Magnesium is associated with bitter pit incidence in apple fruit (FAUST, SHEAR 1968). FALLAHI et al (1997) observed severe bitter pit-like symptoms in fruits of the cv.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Boron was also associated with Ca and corking disorders in apple fruit and reduction of bitter pit (FAUST, SHEAR 1968). For predicting storage quality of apples the ratio N/Ca is a good indicator, the best storage quality being associated with low N/Ca.…”

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Effects of applications of a complex and N-Ca fertilizer on leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations and some fruit quality parameters in two apple cultivars

Sotiropoulos¹,

Therios²,

Dimassi³

et al. 2005

Hort. Sci. (Prague)

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ABSTRACT:The aim of this research was to study the effects of application of 'hydrocomplex' (H) and 'Norway nitrate' (NN) fertilizers on leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations and some fruit quality parameters in the following apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivars (cvs. Black Ben Davis were 10 years old and grafted on MM 106 rootstock. The orchard was well managed and yield was approximately 60 kg/tree.)The experimental trees were central-leader trained and planted at a spacing of 4 × 5 m. Control plants were not fertilized. At the end of March, hydrocomplex (H) (12-11-18, MgO: 2.65%, S: 19.9%, B: 0.015%, Fe: 0.35%, Mn: 0.02%, Zn: 0.02%) and Norway nitrate (NN) (15.5% N, 19% Ca) fertilizers were applied at 0-75 kg per 0.1 hectare, in the following combinations: control, 25NN, 50NN, 75NN, 25H, 50H, 75H, 25NN + 75H, 50NN + 50H and 75NN + 25H. The previous year's fertilization per 0.1 hectare consisted of 35 kg N, 12 kg P and 20 kg K. The soil properties of the experimental orchard are given in Table 1. The soil samples were air dried, crushed to pass a 2-mm screen and analysed for pH at a 1:1 soil to water ratio, electrical conductivity in a 1:5 soil to water extract, texture (hydrometer method), CaCO 3 with a volumetric calcimeter and organic matter content after wet oxidation (PAGE et al. 1982).Leaf samples were collected on July 15 (mid-summer). Leaves were collected from the middle of moderately vigorous shoots from each tree around the canopy periphery, at shoulder height. Fruit samples were collected on September 15 (harvest period). All samples were initially washed once with tap water and twice with distilled water. Leaf samples were dried in a forced draft oven at 68 o C for 72h and ground in a mill to pass a 30 mesh screen. Fruit samples were freeze dried. Nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl's procedure, B by the azomethine-H method (WOLF 1971), P by the ammonium phosphovanadomolybdate method (JACKSON 1970) and K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Flesh firmness was measured by an Effegi penetrometer (11 mm tip). Soluble solids analysis was performed with an Atago PR-1 electronic refractometer.The experiment was conducted and repeated for two years and the reported data are the means of the two years. The adopted experimental design was a randomized block with 10 replications of 10 treatments (fertilizer combinations) per cultivar. Diffe- 11 rences between means of nutrient concentrations of leaves and fruits were evaluated using L.S.D. at P < 0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONApplication of 50 kg NN, 75 kg NN, 50 kg NN plus 50 kg H and 75 kg NN plus 25 kg H per 0.1 hectare significantly increased leaf Ca concentration of the cvs. Golden Delicious and Black Ben Davis (data shown for the cv. Golden Delicious) in comparison with the control on July 15 (Fig. 1). The role of Ca in postharvest physiology has been extensively studied. Calcium affects fruit quality and senescence by altering intracellular processes and the rate of fruit softening depends on Ca status. Calcium also plays...

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Corking disorders of apples: A physiological and biochemical review

Cited by 141 publications

References 24 publications

Calcium Transport in Apple Trees

Calcium Transport in Apple Trees

Partial Control of Bitter Pit in Northern Spy Apples With a Post-Harvest Dip in Calcium Chloride Solution

Effects of applications of a complex and N-Ca fertilizer on leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations and some fruit quality parameters in two apple cultivars

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