Core–shell structured catalysts for thermocatalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic conversion of CO₂

Abstract

An in-depth assessment of properties of core–shell catalysts and their application in the thermocatalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 into synthesis gas and valuable hydrocarbons.

A Mini Review on Yolk-Shell Structured Nanocatalysts

“…Therefore, the appropriate modulation of the porosity of the shell can increase the contact probability between substrates and the active center. With a more elaborate design, the shells with specific pore range can offer the yolk-shell structured catalysts intrinsic selectivity (Hofer et al, 2018;Das et al, 2020). Jia et al (2015) developed a method of preparing Au NPs, which are encapsulated in a hollow styrene shell, in which the size of the pores embedded is <0.8 nm.…”

“…Core-shell nanomaterials have received enormous attention owing to their unique structure related properties and the broad variety of ways in which they can be applied in energy storage (Xie et al, 2015;Lu et al, 2019), sensing (Gong et al, 2019), cancer therapy (Wang et al, 2018b;He et al, 2020), and in particular, catalysis (Gawande et al, 2015;Das et al, 2020;Salvatore et al, 2020). By tuning the intrinsic properties of the core or shell, a variety of nanocatalysts, with active centers that are properly shielded by permeable shells, are ready to be designed and fabricated (Murugesan et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020).…”

An Analysis of Research on Membrane-Coated Electrodes in the 2001–2019 Period: Potential Application to CO2 Capture and Utilization

“…However, the CO 2 R activity and selectivity is strongly influenced by the activation barrier and binding energy of intermediate species and the metal catalyst [9]. Playing with heterogeneous surface and pore structures as well with functional groups such as OH has 2 of 16 been used to change the electronic properties of the active sites and tune the adsorption energies of the intermediate reactant species to promote product selectivity and/or reduce the energy barriers for CO 2 R [10]. Copper allows tuning the balance of reaction intermediate binding energy for stabilization of species leading to hydrocarbons and alcohols, at the expense of selectivity [11], leading to different classes of Cu-based structures, from nanocrystals, nanostructures, nanowires, oxides, mixed oxides, thin-film, polycrystalline, bimetallic, etc.…”

“…Catalysts 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 17 energies of the intermediate reactant species to promote product selectivity and/or reduce the energy barriers for CO2R [10]. Copper allows tuning the balance of reaction intermediate binding energy for stabilization of species leading to hydrocarbons and alcohols, at the expense of selectivity [11], leading to different classes of Cu-based structures, from nanocrystals, nanostructures, nanowires, oxides, mixed oxides, thin-film, polycrystalline, bimetallic, etc.…”

A Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Membrane Coated Electrodes in the 2001-2019 Period: Potential Application to CO2 Capture and Utilization

“…The micro and meso structure of the electrode determines the diffusional gradients under steady state conditions, which are the most commonly investigated in a CO2/HCO3 -electrolyte because of the slow equilibration kinetics. Heterogeneously structured catalysts have been used to change the electronic properties of the active sites and tune the adsorption energies of the intermediate reactant species to promote product selectivity and /or reduce the energy barriers for CO2RR [13]. The mass transport limitation on continuous flow electrochemical cells attempted by applying high pressure, gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) and metal catalyst-coated ion -exchange membrane electrodes can be addressed by according a more active role to the membrane.…”