Abstract:Reduced bioavailability of azelnidipine is related to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism, which hinder its efficacy. These problems were addressed by implementing (1) a liquisol technique for promoting the dissolution rate in a controlled-release manner and (2) a core-in-cup bucco-adhesive drug delivery system as an alternative to the oral route. A 33 factorial design was used to study the effects of polymer type (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC Na), chitosan, or Carbomer P940)… Show more
“…They are excipients in liquid and semisolid formulations, for example, creams, gels, enemas, lotions, ointments for topical use, rectal and vaginal drugs. Carbopols are also tested for their application in multiple oral drug delivery systems and in the oral mucoadhesive systems with controlled release [174,[176][177][178][179][180].…”
The vagina has been considered a potential drug administration route for centuries. Most of the currently marketed and investigated vaginal formulations are composed with the use of natural or synthetic polymers having different functions in the product. The vaginal route is usually investigated as an administration site for topically acting active ingredients; however, the anatomical and physiological features of the vagina make it suitable also for drug systemic absorption. In this review, the most important natural and synthetic polymers used in vaginal products are summarized and described, with special attention paid to the properties important in terms of vaginal application. Moreover, the current knowledge on the commonly applied and innovative dosage forms designed for vaginal administration was presented. The aim of this work was to highlight the most recent research directions and indicate challenges related to vaginal drug administrations. As revealed in the literature overview, intravaginal products still gain enormous scientific attention, and novel polymers and formulations are still explored. However, there are research areas that require more extensive studies in order to provide the safety of novel vaginal products.
“…They are excipients in liquid and semisolid formulations, for example, creams, gels, enemas, lotions, ointments for topical use, rectal and vaginal drugs. Carbopols are also tested for their application in multiple oral drug delivery systems and in the oral mucoadhesive systems with controlled release [174,[176][177][178][179][180].…”
The vagina has been considered a potential drug administration route for centuries. Most of the currently marketed and investigated vaginal formulations are composed with the use of natural or synthetic polymers having different functions in the product. The vaginal route is usually investigated as an administration site for topically acting active ingredients; however, the anatomical and physiological features of the vagina make it suitable also for drug systemic absorption. In this review, the most important natural and synthetic polymers used in vaginal products are summarized and described, with special attention paid to the properties important in terms of vaginal application. Moreover, the current knowledge on the commonly applied and innovative dosage forms designed for vaginal administration was presented. The aim of this work was to highlight the most recent research directions and indicate challenges related to vaginal drug administrations. As revealed in the literature overview, intravaginal products still gain enormous scientific attention, and novel polymers and formulations are still explored. However, there are research areas that require more extensive studies in order to provide the safety of novel vaginal products.
Backgroound:
Products with multiple active substances mixed in a single dosage form are fixed-dose combinations. These are justified for a variety of reasons. These include a) increasing therapeutic efficacy, b) lowering adverse drug effects, c) pharmacokinetic advantages, d) lowering pill load, e) lowering individual drug doses, and f) lowering drug resistance development.
Objective:
A recently approved fixed dose combination of azelnidipine (8 mg) and chlorthalidone (6.25 or 12.5 mg) is indicated to treat hypertension. Individual quantification methods for azelnidipine and chlorthalidone are available, but no practical and acceptable analytical approach for their combination has been documented. As a result, the goal of this literature review was to gather information on the numerous analytical instrumental approaches utilized to quantify azelnidipine and chlorthalidone in diverse matrices individually. The scientific community could use this information to design a new analytical method for analysing the recently approved combination.
Methods:
Authors have explored various scientific databases to obtain information on analytical methods.
Results:
The methods listed for azelnidipine and chlorthalidone are spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, hyphenated techniques, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and a few other approaches. For azelnidipine and chlorthalidone, there were 26 and 46 research papers reported, respectively.
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