Cord Knots and Pseudo-Knots

Two knots in an umbilical cord with seventy centimeter length: A case report

“…Although the root cause of formation of these true knots has not yet been elucidated thus far, some risk factors have been suggested in various studies including male gender, abnormally long umbilical cord, excess of amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios), small infant, monoamniotic fluid, increased fetal movement, multiparity, maternal gestational diabetes mellitus(due to the possibility of hydroamnios), amniocentesis (due to more accelerated contractions of the uterus resulting in increased fetal movements), and loose abdominal wall and uterine that are common in grand multipara women. [7][8][9][10][11] Thus far, no clinical tests or laboratory data have been reported in the literature for the definitive diagnosis of a problematic umbilical cord. However, Marco Scioscia et al suggested 4-dimensional and color Doppler sonography as a diagnostic modality in this regard.…”

“…Unfortunately, they cannot be diagnosed through screenings, and their antenatal identification is only accurate with color Doppler sonography of the umbilical artery, which is not routinely performed during pregnancies. Although the root cause of formation of these true knots has not yet been elucidated thus far, some risk factors have been suggested in various studies including male gender, abnormally long umbilical cord, excess of amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios), small infant, monoamniotic fluid, increased fetal movement, multiparity, maternal gestational diabetes mellitus(due to the possibility of hydroamnios), amniocentesis (due to more accelerated contractions of the uterus resulting in increased fetal movements), and loose abdominal wall and uterine that are common in grand multipara women 7‐11 . Thus far, no clinical tests or laboratory data have been reported in the literature for the definitive diagnosis of a problematic umbilical cord.…”