Coral snake bites (<i>Micrurus</i> spp.) in Brazil: a review of literature reports

Bucaretchi, Fábio; Capitani, Eduardo Mello De; Vieira, Reinaldo Wilson; Rodrigues, Cinthia K.; Zannin, Marlene; Silva, Nelson J. Da; Casais-e-Silva, Luciana Lyra; Hyslop, Stephen

doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1135337

Cited by 87 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In crotalic accidents, crotoxin blocks the neuromuscular transmission that contributes to the development of paralysis, muscular respiratory insufficiency and acute respiratory distress [11,28]. The respiratory abnormalities related in this study are similar to the severe cases of respiratory paralysis reported in accidents caused by snakes in the Elapidae family [55,56], and Vipera palaestine [57].…”

Section: Fig 5 Morphometric Analysis Of the Frequency Of Polymorphonsupporting

confidence: 75%

Evaluation of systemic inflammatory response and lung injury induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom

Azevêdo

Figueiredo

Pinto³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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This study investigated the systemic inflammatory response and mechanism of pulmonary lesions induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom in murine in the state of Bahia. In order to investigate T helper Th1, Th2 and Th17 lymphocyte profiles, we measured interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in the peritoneal fluid and macerated lungs of mice and histopathological alterations at the specific time windows of 1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h after inoculation with Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. The data demonstrated an increase of acute-phase cytokines (IL-6 and TNF) in the first hours after inoculation, with a subsequent increase in IL-10 and IL-4, suggesting immune response modulation for the Th2 profile. The histopathological analysis showed significant morphological alterations, compatible with acute pulmonary lesions, with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration, intra-alveolar edema, congestion, hemorrhage and atelectasis. These findings advance our understanding of the dynamics of envenomation and contribute to improve clinical management and antiophidic therapy for individuals exposed to venom.

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Section: Fig 5 Morphometric Analysis Of the Frequency Of Polymorphonsupporting

confidence: 75%

Evaluation of systemic inflammatory response and lung injury induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom

Azevêdo

Figueiredo

Pinto³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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“…As a consequence, two snake families share responsibility for snake envenomations in the Americas: the Viperidae (including half a dozen genera, the most frequent being Crotalus , Bothrops and Agkistrodon ) and the Elapidae of which Micrurus is the main genus [8]. The bites of the latter represent less than 1% of the envenomations [9–13]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some species of Crotalus may also produce neurotoxic symptoms similar to envenomation by Elapidae [16], and sometimes associated with acute renal failure [17]. Unlike the neurotoxins of rattlesnake venoms that act on presynaptic receptors (β-neurotoxins), the α-neurotoxins of Elapidae venoms bind to postsynaptic cholinergic receptors [13]. In both cases, paralysis of the cranial nerves can occur, inducing in some cases a potentially fatal respiratory arrest in the absence of specific (antivenom) and/or symptomatic treatment (artificial ventilation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and mortality due to snakebite in the Americas

2017

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BackgroundBetter knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics of snakebites could help to take measures to improve their management. The incidence and mortality of snakebites in the Americas are most often estimated from medical and scientific literature, which generally lack precision and representativeness.Methodology/Principal findingsAuthors used the notifications of snakebites treated in health centers collected by the Ministries of Health of the American countries to estimate their incidence and mortality. Data were obtained from official reports available on-line at government sites, including those of the Ministry of Health in each country and was sustained by recent literature obtained from PubMed. The average annual incidence is about 57,500 snake bites (6.2 per 100,000 population) and mortality is close to 370 deaths (0.04 per 100,000 population), that is, between one third and half of the previous estimates. The incidence of snakebites is influenced by the abundance of snakes, which is related to (i) climate and altitude, (ii) specific preferences of the snake for environments suitable for their development, and (iii) human population density. Recent literature allowed to notice that the severity of the bites depends mainly on (i) the snake responsible for the bite (species and size) and (ii) accessibility of health care, including availability of antivenoms.Conclusions/SignificancesThe main limitation of this study could be the reliability and accuracy of the notifications by national health services. However, the data seemed consistent considering the similarity of the incidences on each side of national boundaries while the sources are distinct. However, snakebite incidence could be underestimated due to the use of traditional medicine by the patients who escaped the reporting of cases. However, gathered data corresponded to the actual use of the health facilities, and therefore to the actual demand for antivenoms, which should make it possible to improve their management.

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“…lemniscatus is a medically important coral snake in the northeast of Brazil (Bucaretchi et al, 2016). In this work a myotoxic PLA2, which constitutes the major component of M.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%