Coral-like directional porosity lithium ion battery cathodes by ice templating

Huang, Chun; Grant, Patrick S.

doi:10.1039/c8ta05049j

Cited by 116 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The Ragone plot for the dense electrodes with various thicknesses compared with state‐of‐the‐art electrodes in half‐cells and full cells is shown in Figure c. Comparatively, the dense electrode of 1300 µm thickness could deliver an areal capacity as high as 28.6 mAh cm −2 at the ultrahigh current density of 7.0 mA cm −2 , which exceeded the reported values to date as far as we know . Additionally, the cost is an important factor for developing LIBs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance, Low‐Cost, and Dense‐Structure Electrodes with High Mass Loading for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Xia

Huang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

108

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Lithium-ion batteries have undergone a remarkable development in the past 30 years. However, conventional electrodes are insufficient for the everincreasing demand of high-energy batteries. Here, reported is a thick electrode with a dense structure, as an alternative to the commonly recognized porous framework. A low-temperature sintering technology with the aid of aqueous solvent, high pressure, and an ion-conductive additive is originally developed for preparing the LiCoO 2 (LCO)/Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) dense-structure electrode as the representative cathode/anode material. The 400 µm thick cathode with 110 mg cm −2 mass loading achieves a high specific capacity of 131.2 mAh g −1 with a good capacity retention of 96% over 150 cycles, far exceeding the commercial counterpart (≈40 µm) of 54.1 mAh g −1 with 39%. The ultrathick electrode of 1300 µm thickness presents a remarkable area capacity of 28.6 mAh cm −2 that is 16 times that of the commercial electrode. The full cell based on the dense electrodes delivers an extremely high areal capacity of 14.4 mAh cm −2 . The ion-diffusion coefficients of the densely sintered electrodes increase by nearly three orders of magnitude. This design opens up a new avenue for scalable and sustainable material manufacturing towards various practical applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance, Low‐Cost, and Dense‐Structure Electrodes with High Mass Loading for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Xia

Huang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

108

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“…Other structural design approaches that utilize structural templates with aligned pores, such as natural wood and ice crystals, [29][30][31][32] have also been reported and demonstrate high potential in constructing low-tortuosity thick electrodes with high energy density and good structural stability and durability. Although increased energy density can be achieved through these pore engineering strategies in thick electrode design, the scalability of the fabrication process is generally limited, and therefore remains as a major challenge for the practical application of these approaches.…”

Section: Low-tortuosity Electrodes By Subtractive Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thick Electrode Batteries: Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges

Kuang

Chen

Kirsch

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

491

413

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Recent reviews on LBs have provided a good overview of the developments of high energy density LBs based on diverse battery chemistries. [3][4][5][6] It is believed that the energy density of current LBs can be improved up to 300-350 Wh kg −1 in a short time by using high-nickel (Ni) content cathodes, silicon (Si) dominant anodes, and higher voltage electrolytes, but further progress is needed to achieve an acceptable lifetime for practical application. [7] In regards to long term goals, continued research and development (R&D) of next-generation LBs is necessary to meet the Battery500 Project target of a cell-level specific energy of 500 Wh kg −1 , [8] which necessitates a combination of both innovative battery chemistries (such as lithium (Li)-sulfur (S), Li-O 2 , Li-CO 2 , and so on), and cell configurations (improved active material ratio and cell integration). [9] However, the majority of current research efforts are dedicated to the R&D of battery materials while battery configurational design is relatively overlooked. Interestingly, with the progress in the development of water-in-salt electrolyte and the corresponding battery chemistry, aqueous LIBs are also possible to meet the Battery 500 Project target. A representative work is the aqueous LIBs that has been recently reported by Yang et al. which achieves a stable operation potential of 4.2 V and energy density of 460 Wh kg −1 . [10] It is great progress but worthy noting that the energy density calculation is based on the mass of anode and cathode. When the mass of the electrolyte is included, the full-cell energy density is dropped to 304 Wh kg −1 , revealing the important role of battery configurational design.Structural engineering provides a feasible and universal way to further improve the energy density of LBs without changing the fundamental battery chemistries. Since the battery's energy only comes from the electrically active materials in the electrodes, the core principle for the novel structural design of batteries is to minimize the ratio of inactive components while maintaining or improving battery performance per mass or volume of active material. Common strategies include the optimization of battery packaging with thinner, more robust materials, the reduction of electrode porosity with a higher packing density and increased electrolyte uptake, and the utilization of thick electrodes. The first is relatively hard to improve in a short time and would require a breakthrough in battery packaging materials with carefully evaluated cost and safety parameters. As for the reduction of electrolyte, it is also difficult toThe ever-growing portable electronics and electric vehicle markets heavily influence the technological revolution of lithium batteries (LBs) toward higher energy densities for longer standby times or driving range. Thick electrode designs can substantially improve the electrode active material loading by minimizing the inactive component ratio at the device level, providing a great platform for enhancing the overall energy densi...

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“…Figure k,l shows the influence of microstructure of LFMP‐IGF and LFMP‐TGF on the mechanical properties, which are important for cycle life and safety of electrodes . After compression of 200 g force (corresponding to 39 kPa for two samples), structural collapse is clearly observed in LFMP‐TGF (Figure k), due to the randomly oriented structure of rGO sheets and LFMP NPs, inducing structure failure after mechanical compression . In contrast, the 3D interconnected network of LFMP‐IGF is quite stable and can recover its structural integrity after removing the exerted mechanical load (Figure l).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From top view (Figure a), the honeycomb pores are well organized with each other to maximize the elastic strength; from side view (Figure d), the multilayered face‐to‐face stacked configuration along the compression direction could strengthen the interlayer π–π interaction during bending deformation, thereby its mechanical stiffness is greatly enhanced . In addition, the anisotropic distributed LFMP NPs inside the sandwich layers were tightly bonded within the interconnected graphene framework after annealing at 700 °C, so that the cork‐like LFMP‐IGF can act as a whole to further improve its structure rigidity …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, thickened electrodes requires sufficient ion/electron conductivities along longer charge transfer distance and optimized design of electrode structures . In this regard, tortuosity (τ) and porosity (ε) of electrodes are two critical factors that closely relate to ion/electron conductivities of electrode . Constructing 3D porous electrodes that possess large electrode/electrolyte contact areas and continuous, low‐tortuosity vertical channels contributes to fast ion/electron transfer, especially in highly mass‐loaded electrodes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sandwich, Vertical‐Channeled Thick Electrodes with High Rate and Cycle Performance

Zhao

Sun

Chen

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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3D thick electrode design is a promising strategy to increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries but faces challenges such as poor rate and limited cycle life. Herein, a coassembly method is employed to construct low-tortuosity, mechanically robust 3D thick electrodes. LiFe 0.7 Mn 0.3 PO 4 nanoplates (LFMP NPs) and graphene are aligned along the growth direction of ice crystals during freezing and assembled into sandwich frameworks with vertical channels, which prompts fast ion transfer within the entire electrode and reveals a 2.5-fold increase in ion transfer performance as opposed to that of random structured electrodes. In the sandwich framework, LFMP NPs are entrapped in the graphene wall in a "plate-on-sheet" contact mode, which avoids the detachment of NPs during cycling and also constitutes electron transfer highways for the thick electrode. Such vertical-channel sandwich electrodes with mass loading of 21.2 mg cm −2 exhibit a superior rate capability (0.2C-20C) and ultralong cycle life (1000 cycles). Even under an ultrahigh mass loading of 72 mg cm −2 , the electrode still delivers an areal capacity up to 9.4 mAh cm −2 , ≈2.4 times higher than that of conventional electrodes. This study provides a novel strategy for designing thick electrodes toward high performance batteries.

show abstract

Coral-like directional porosity lithium ion battery cathodes by ice templating

Abstract: Thick cathodes with aligned pore arrays in the predominant ion transport direction made by ice templating provided high areal and gravimetric capacities.

Cited by 116 publications

References 65 publications

High‐Performance, Low‐Cost, and Dense‐Structure Electrodes with High Mass Loading for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

High‐Performance, Low‐Cost, and Dense‐Structure Electrodes with High Mass Loading for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Thick Electrode Batteries: Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges

Sandwich, Vertical‐Channeled Thick Electrodes with High Rate and Cycle Performance

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