“…Seven studies (Aragona et al, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013; Deisenhammer et al, 2012) assessed somatization using the Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI-21) (Mumford et al, 1991), a widely validated self-assessment questionnaire specifically designed for transcultural research and formerly used to assess somatization among groups of primary care immigrants. The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) (Dreher et al, 2017; Mendoza et al, 2017; Morawa et al, 2017) and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-37 (HSCL-37) (Breuer and Freud, 1893–1895; Alexander, 1950; Derogatis, 1977; Mai and Merkey, 1980; Barsky and Klerman, 1983; Bridges and Goldberg, 1987; Lipowski, 1988; Escobar et al, 1989; Mumford et al, 1991; American Psychiatric Association, 1994, 2013; Castillo et al, 1995; Escobar, 1995; Gureje et al, 1997; Kirmayer and Young, 1998; Silove et al, 1998; Simon et al, 1999; Mak and Zane, 2004; Aragona et al, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013; Nickel et al, 2006; Kirmayer and Sartorius, 2007; Cwikel et al, 2008; Jackson and Kroenke, 2008; Sachs et al, 2008; Liberati et al, 2009; Bermejo et al, 2010; Beirens and Fontaine, 2011; Perruchoud and Redpath-Cross, 2011; Schweitzer et al, 2011; Shiroma and Alarcon, 2011; David et al, 2012; Deisenhammer et al, 2012; Heredia Montesinos et al, 2012; Stewart et al, 2012; Van Wyk et al, 2012; Bragazzi et al, 2014; Mölsä et al, 2014, 2017; Rohlof et al, 2014; Haller et al, 2015; Rask et al, 2015, 2016; Spiller et al, 2016; Choi et al, 2017; Dreher et al, 2017; Mendoza et al, 2017; Morawa et al, 2017; Radl-Karimi et al, 2018) were each used in three records. The PHQ-15 consists of four subscales: Somatoform Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Functioning of the...…”