Coproantigen Detection Augments Diagnosis of Common Nematode Infections in Dogs

Little, Susan E.; Barrett, Anne W.; Beall, Melissa J.; Bowman, Dwight D.; Dangoudoubiyam, Sriveny; Elsemore, David A.; Liotta, Janice L.; Lucio‐Forster, Araceli; McCrann, Donald J.; Snowden, Karen F.; Starkey, Lindsay A.; Tasse, Sarah

doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2019.04.001

Cited by 23 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Nematodes were also commonly detected, identi ed in 10% of the samples tested. As in other studies using CF alone, the hookworm A. caninum and whipworm T. vulpis, which present a risk to canine health throughout all life stages of a dog, were the most common intestinal nematodes identi ed [14,25,26]. The results may underestimate the prevalence of T. vulpis and T. canis, as samples were collected during July and August, a time when infections with these nematodes may be at their lowest prevalence [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The results may underestimate the prevalence of T. vulpis and T. canis, as samples were collected during July and August, a time when infections with these nematodes may be at their lowest prevalence [27]. Surprisingly, passive otation remains the most commonly used technique in clinical practice despite multiple studies demonstrating that it fails to detect many infections when compared to CF [12][13][14][15]. Combining CAI for nematode antigens with CF in the present study resulted in detection of nearly 80% (78.4%) more nematode infections than CF alone, likely due to the CAI detecting non-patent infections [16,17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cestodes, trematodes), and can, when high speci c gravity solutions are used, collapse or fail to recover Giardia cysts. To address these limitations, coproantigen immunoassays (CAI) have been developed to detect proteins found in Giardia cysts or produced by immature and adult nematodes in the intestinal lumen [11][12][13][14][15]. When used with CF, CAI enhances the detection of canine intestinal parasite infections [14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address these limitations, coproantigen immunoassays (CAI) have been developed to detect proteins found in Giardia cysts or produced by immature and adult nematodes in the intestinal lumen [11][12][13][14][15]. When used with CF, CAI enhances the detection of canine intestinal parasite infections [14][15][16][17][18]. With the interstate relocation of dogs that could be infected with intestinal parasites and the availability of improved testing methodologies, there is opportunity for an up-to-date assessment of intestinal parasitism in dogs in the USA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study

Stafford

Kollasch

Duncan

et al. 2020

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Background: The rapid growth in off-leash dog parks provides opportunity for canine socialization activities but carries risk of exposure to intestinal parasites. This study assessed the prevalence of these infections in dogs visiting off-leash dog parks.Methods: Fresh defecations were collected from dogs visiting parks in 30 metropolitan areas across the USA. Samples were analyzed by coproantigen immunoassay (CAI) (Fecal Dx® and Giardia Test, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.) and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation (CF). Owners responded to a questionnaire on their dog’s signalment and use of heartworm/intestinal parasite control medications (HWCM).Results: Samples were examined from 3006 dogs, 87.9% aged at least 12 months, visiting 288 parks. At least one intestinal parasite was detected in 622 (20.7%) samples, nematodes in 263 (8.8%), with hookworms, whipworms and ascarids in 7.1, 1.9 and 0.6% of samples, respectively. A sample positive for one or more intestinal parasites was found in 245 (85.1%) parks, with nematodes found in 143 (49.7%). Combined, CAI and CF detected 78.4% more intestinal nematode infections than CF alone. Hookworm and whipworm infections were detected in all age groups, but ascarids were only detected in dogs less than 4 years-old. Approximately 42% of dogs aged less than 1 year were positive for nematodes or Giardia. Based on owner reports, HWCM was current for 68.8% of dogs, dogs previously diagnosed with intestinal parasitism were more likely to be receiving a HWCM than those without such history, and a significantly lower (P = 0.0003) proportion of dogs receiving a HWCM were positive for intestinal nematodes compared with those not on such medication.Conclusions: Intestinal parasites, the most common of which were Giardia, Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis, were found in 20% of dogs and 85% of dog parks across the USA. Enhanced detection of canine intestinal parasitism was achieved by combining CF and CAI. Canine intestinal parasites are common across the USA and dog health can be improved by regular testing of fecal samples and routine administration of medications effective against the most common infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study

Stafford

Kollasch

Duncan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Study 1 provided evidence that for sufficient efficacy (> 90%) against immature adult T. canis, pyrantel is essential in the combination, as the efficacy of moxidectin and sarolaner alone was only 74.7%. Effective treatment of immature stages is becoming more important, as an ELISA for coproantigen detection has recently been developed [18,19]. This test has the potential to diagnose T. canis infection in the pre-patent period when standard fecal microscopic examinations are unable to detect the infection due to the absence of egg shedding.…”

Section: Immature Adult (L 5 ) T Canismentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a new oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against induced ascarid infections in dogs

et al. 2020

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Background: Ascarid infections are among the most prevalent intestinal parasitic infections occurring in dogs around the world, with Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina commonly observed. Toxocara canis can cause considerable disease in dogs and humans, and year-round prophylactic treatment and control in dogs is recommended. Elimination of immature stages of these parasites before egg-laying will reduce environmental contamination and the risk of infection for both dogs and humans. Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio ™) against induced immature adult (L 5) and adult T. canis, and adult T. leonina infections in dogs. Methods: Six negative-controlled, masked, randomized laboratory studies were conducted. Two studies each evaluated efficacy against immature adult (L 5) T. canis, adult T. canis, and adult T. leonina. Sixteen to 40 dogs were included in each study. Dogs experimentally infected with the target parasite were dosed once on Day 0 with either placebo tablets or Simparica Trio ™ tablets to provide minimum dosages of 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, 24 µg/kg moxidectin and 5.0 mg/kg pyrantel (as pamoate salt). Efficacy was based on the number of worms recovered at necropsy 7-10 days after treatment compared to placebo control. Results: Based on geometric mean worm counts, efficacy of the sarolaner + moxidectin + pyrantel combination was ≥ 95.2% against immature adult T. canis, ≥ 97.3% against adult T. canis, and ≥ 89.7% against adult T. leonina. There were no treatment-related adverse events in any study. Conclusions: These studies confirm the efficacy of a single dose of a new oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio ™) against immature adult and adult T. canis, and adult T. leonina infections in dogs.

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Evaluation of a commercial coproantigen immunoassay for the detection of Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme in cats and Uncinaria stenocephala in dogs

et al. 2022

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Coproantigen immunoassays (IDEXX Fecal Dx® antigen tests) were evaluated for their ability to identify Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme infections in cats and Uncinaria stenocephala infection in dogs. Five cats were experimentally infected with 500 embryonated eggs of T. cati, eight cats with 500 third-stage larvae (L3) of A. tubaeforme and seven dogs with 500 L3 of U. stenocephala. In addition to the three coproantigen tests, the course of infection was monitored by a combined sedimentation-flotation method with ZnSO4 as flotation medium (specific gravity: 1.28–1.30) and a modified McMaster method in case of copromicroscopically positive samples. Eggs of T. cati were first observed between 28 and 54 days post infection (dpi) in four of the five infected cats. In these four cats, positive roundworm coproantigen signals were obtained between 16 and 44 dpi. Positive coproantigen signal always preceded egg observations, but the interval varied between 6 and 30 days. Hookworm-specific positive coproantigen signals were detected in seven of the eight A. tubaeforme infected cats between 10 and 52 dpi, while consecutive egg excretion was observed in three cats between day 26 and 54 pi. Of these three, coproantigen signal preceded egg observation by 12 to 24 days. Four cats had positive coproantigen results in the absence of egg excretion, and one cat never achieved a positive result for egg or coproantigen. In six of seven U. stenocephala infected dogs, infection was confirmed by copromicroscopy between 16 and 24 dpi as well as for hookworm coproantigen between 10 and 14 dpi. Coproantigen signal was detected prior to egg observation by 2 to 14 days. No cross-reactions between the roundworm, hookworm und whipworm tests occurred in study animals. The results of this study demonstrate the ability of the coproantigen tests to detect the common roundworm and hookworm infections in cats and U. stenocephala infections in dogs as well as the ability to detect the prepatent stage of infection.

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Coproantigen Detection Augments Diagnosis of Common Nematode Infections in Dogs

Cited by 23 publications

References 13 publications

Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study

Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study

Efficacy of a new oral chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against induced ascarid infections in dogs

Evaluation of a commercial coproantigen immunoassay for the detection of Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme in cats and Uncinaria stenocephala in dogs

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