Copper slag–hydrated lime–Portland cement stabilised marine-deposited clay

Abstract

Marine clay is commonly found worldwide and is challenging to work with from a geotechnical and geoenvironmental perspective due to its diverse characteristics, such as high compressibility and sensitivity. There is therefore a need to seek effective treatment solutions that are less environmentally harmful than traditional methods. The aim of this research study was to assess the performance of marine clay treated with a binder incorporating Portland cement, hydrated lime and copper slag. Unconfined compression and split tensile tests were carried out to assess the distinct binder content effects and to correlate those responses with the porosity/binder index. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was conducted to study the microstructure of the mixes containing copper slag. The results showed that the addition of lime, the dry unit weight and the curing period were the most influential factors regarding the strength of the mixtures, in that order. In addition, good correlations were obtained between the strength and the adjusted porosity/binder index for all mixtures.

Triple-Binder-Stabilized Marine Deposit Clay for Better Sustainability

“…Depending on the cement porosity index (η/C iv ), a unique relationship was developed in order to predict the behavior of cement-treated soils [36], which only accounted for cement. More recently, Ekinci et al [18] proposed a more general index X iv , which accounts for all binder contents. In this study, Ekinci et al's [18] parameter was modified in an attempt to predict the strength for each mixture, where X iv was calculated from the modified Equation (2), where V = W/γ s is true for all of the used materials.…”

“…Few studies have considered the engineering properties of copper slag blended with clay and cement [18]. However, no studies have considered the durability properties of such composites.…”

“…Many researchers investigated the lime stabilization of clay [18,19,21,24]. Choquette et al [24], for example, examined the mineralogy and microstructure of lime-treated Canadian marine clays.…”

Durability and Microstructural Properties of Triple-Binder-Stabilized Marine Deposit Clay

“…Few studies have considered the engineering properties of copper slag blended with clay and cement [18]. However, no studies have considered the durability properties of such composite.…”

“…Until now, Ekinci et al [18] studied the stabilized Marine clay that considered the effect of triple blinder (cement + copper slag + hydrated lime) on strength properties and their effect on microstructure. However, composites composed of triple binder have not been examined in terms of durability.…”