Copper partitioning in a melt–vapor–brine–magnetite–pyrrhotite assemblage

Simon, Adam C.; Pettke, Thomas; Candela, Philip A.; Piccoli, Philip M.; Heinrich, Christoph A.

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.045

Cited by 157 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 63 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…11) and metals such as the REE, Fe, Cu and Au that it scavenged originallyfrom the silicate melt due to the magmatic temperatures and high salinity of the fluid (Reed et al, 2000;Simon et al, 2004Simon et al, , 2005Simon et al, , 2006Zajacz et al, 2012;Frank et al, 2011;Migdisov et al, 2014;Hurtig and Williams-Jones, 2014). The high Cl content of the fluid facilitates metal-chloride complexes and allows it to transport these metals, some of which exhibit retrograde solubility, i.e.…”

Section: Genetic Link Between Kiruna-type Ioa and Iocg Deposits?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes

Knipping

Bilenker

Simon

et al. 2015

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Self Cite

217

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. data demonstrate that a saline magmatic-hydrothermal ore fluid will scavenge significant quantities of metals such as Cu and Au from a silicate melt, and when combined with solubility data for Fe, Cu and Au, it is plausible that the magmatic-hydrothermal ore fluid that continues to ascend from the IOA depositional environment can retain sufficient concentrations of these metals to form iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits at lateral and/or stratigraphically higher levels in the crust. Notably, this study provides a new discrimination diagram to identify magnetite from Kiruna-type deposits and to distinguish them from IOCG, porphyry and Fe-Ti-V/P deposits, based on low Cr (< 100 ppm) and high V (>500 ppm) concentrations. Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes

show abstract

Section: Genetic Link Between Kiruna-type Ioa and Iocg Deposits?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace elements in magnetite from massive iron oxide-apatite deposits indicate a combined formation by igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes

Knipping

Bilenker

Simon

et al. 2015

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Self Cite

217

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…High magmatic sulfur solubilities would appear to be a pre-requisite for the formation of giant porphyry and related epithermal deposits because these deposits are, first and foremost, sulfur anomalies. Abundant sulfur is required for the voluminous deposition of the sulfide ore minerals themselves and it can also play a role in complexing with copper and gold to enable hydrothermal transport 51,85 . The problem with high sulfide concentrations in the melt is that this may trigger sulfide saturation, resulting in crystallization of sulfide minerals or, at higher temperatures, production of an immiscible sulfide melt.…”

Section: Box 2 | Trigger 2 -Magmatic Sulfide Saturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triggers for the formation of porphyry ore deposits in magmatic arcs

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Porphyry ore deposits source much of the copper, molybdenum, gold and silver utilized by humankind. They typically form in magmatic arcs above subduction zones via a series of linked processes, beginning with magma generation in the mantle and ending with the precipitation of metals from hydrous fluids in the shallow crust. A hierarchy of four key "triggers" involved in the formation of porphyry deposits is outlined. Trigger 1 (10 2 -10 3 km scale) is a process of cyclic refertilization of magmas in the deep crust. Trigger 2 (10 1 -10 2 km scale) is the process of sulfide saturation in magmas that can both enhance and destroy ore-forming potential. Trigger 3 (10 0 -10 1 km scale) relates to the efficient transfer of metals into hydrothermal fluids exsolving from porphyry magmas. Trigger 4 (~10 0 km scale) identifies processes that lead to the final precipitation of ore minerals. Although all processes are required to a greater or lesser degree, it is argued that trigger 3, as an over-riding mechanism, can best explain the restriction of large deposits to specific arc segments and time periods. Consequently, recognition of the fingerprint of sulfide saturation in igneous rocks may help mineral exploration companies to identify parts of magmatic arcs particularly predisposed to ore formation.Ore deposits are scarce. Their discovery consumes considerable time and resources and only about one in every one thousand prospects explored by companies is eventually developed into a mine. Deposits often occur in clusters and formed within specific time intervals. This non-uniform pattern provides keys to understanding how and why metals accumulate in some places and not in others and its explanation is fundamental for mineral exploration.The most important metalliferous ore deposits are hydrothermal deposits, formed from hot waters circulating in Earth's crust. Such deposits represent a highly efficient trap where fluids were focused into a limited volume of rock, became supersaturated and precipitated ore minerals. In theory, this does not require unusual fluid compositions 1,2 as long as fluid focusing, sufficient fluid flux and efficient precipitation conditions can be maintained. Recently, this paradigm has been challenged by the recognition that ore fluids in sediment-hosted 3-5 , epithermal 6,7 and porphyryrelated [8][9][10] hydrothermal deposits can carry orders of magnitude more metal than previously considered probable, or measured in modern fluid samples. This suggests that our understanding of metal extraction and transport processes is incomplete.Here, this theme is explored by consideration of porphyry ore deposits [11][12][13][14][15] , remarkable geochemical anomalies that can contain up to 1 Gt of sulphur 16 , 200 Mt copper, 2.5 Mt molybdenum and 2600 t gold 17 . The most copper-rich examples include the 4-5 million-year old El Teniente and Rio Blanco-Los Bronces deposits in Central Chile, and the most gold-rich is the 3 million-year old Grasberg deposit in Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea 17 .Porphyry deposits...

show abstract

“…This is likely to be due to the preferential complexation of Cu as highly soluble CuCl 0 and [CuCl 2 ] -species as proposed in a number of solubility Holland, 1984, 1986;Bai and Koster van Groos, 1999;Archibald et al 2002;Simon et al, 2006) and speciation studies (Mavrogenes et al, 2002;Berry et al, 2006Berry et al, , 2009. Despite this, Cu concentrations were also commonly elevated in several low salinity (<2.0 wt.% NaCl eq ), liquid or vapor inclusions at El Teniente (Vry, 2010 (Heinrich et al 1999;Mountain and Seward, 2003;Simon et al, 2006;Pokrovski et al, 2008;Seo et al, 2009;Landtwing et al, 2010). As a result, the solubility of chalcopyrite daughter crystals in quartz-hosted inclusions may be controlled by several different equilibria, some of which may be influenced by fH 2 and some of which may not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Holland, 1984, 1986;Hemley et al, 1992;Bai and Koster van Groos, 1999;Archibald et al 2002;Hack and Mavrogenes, 2006;Simon et al, 2006) and it has recently been shown that these high concentrations may be due to a different post-entrapment modification involving diffusion through quartz of small, univalent ions such as H + , Cu + , Na + , Li + and Ag + in the presence of an external fluid (Li et al, 2009;Zajacz et al, 2009;Lerchbaumer and Audétat, 2012).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%