Copper Fungicide Residues in Australian Vineyard Soils

Abstract

Copper (Cu) concentrations were measured in Australian vineyard soils to assess the extent and magnitude of Cu accumulation resulting from the use of Cu-based fungicides and to indicate the likely risks to long-term soil fertility. Soil samples were collected from 98 vineyards across 10 grape-growing regions of Australia and analyzed for total Cu concentrations. Ninety-six percent of vineyards surveyed had elevated Cu concentrations in soil compared to the background Cu concentrations in nearby soil in its native state. Concentrations of total B, Co, Cr, Pb, and Zn were similar to background concentrations and below reported toxicity guideline values. Cu concentrations in Australian vineyard soils were generally much lower (6-150 mg kg (-1)) than those reported in the soils of vineyards in parts of Europe (i.e., 130-1280 mg kg (-1)). Concentrations of total Cu were generally below those concentrations reported to cause lethal effects to soil invertebrates; however, Cu exceeded concentrations known to cause sublethal effects (i.e., inhibit growth, affect reproduction, induce avoidance behavior) to those (or related) invertebrates.

Soil acidification increases metal extractability and bioavailability in old orchard soils of Northeast Jiaodong Peninsula in China

“…Concentrations of Cu found in the vineyard soils in this study were lower than in some renowned wine growing regions such as Europe (Fernandez-Calvino et al, 2008;Flores-Velez et al, 1996), Australia (Pietrzak and McPhail, 2004) and South Africa (up to 3216 mg kg À1 total Cu, Mirlean et al, 2007). In addition, our values were comparable to those found in Australian vineyards (Wightwick et al, 2008). All the Pb levels in vineyards soils were <80 mg kg À1 , which is the allowable limit for Pb in farmland soils for edible agricultural crop production in China.…”

“…Soil acidification may increase the bioavailability of these metals worsening its contamination condition. Soil Cu accumulation has been reported in the surface layer of European and Australian vineyard soils (Delusia et al, 1996;Chopin et al, 2008;Wightwick et al, 2008). A similar increase in Cu has occurred in citrus orchards and avocado orchard soils with an established history of copperbased fungicide use, with current concentrations ranging between 110 and 1500 mg kg À1 Cu (Fan et al, 2011;Merrington et al, 2002).…”

“…CaCl 2 extractable Cu concentrations of vineyard soils reported for several viticultural regions of the world, including the Southern part of France (Brun et al, 1998); Australia (Wightwick et al, 2008); and Brazil (Mirlean et al, 2007), usually represented < 1%, and often < 0.5%, of the total Cu concentration in the soil. This is in agreement with the results of the present study.…”

Challenges and Prospects for Building Resilient Disease Management Strategies and Tactics for the New York Table Beet Industry

“…Other products registered for foliar disease control in New York table beet production are multi-site, copper-based protectants that offer benefits for reducing the selection pressure on a single MOA within the C. beticola population [58]. To achieve optimal efficacy from these products more intensive use patterns than those currently used by New York growers are required [72]. Repeated use of copper-based fungicides may also have deleterious effects on the environment due to accumulation in the soil [72].…”

Comparative environmental fate and toxicity of copper nanomaterials

“…Cu + 2 can also be synthesized as Cu(OH) 2 NPs. In general, the toxicity of copper compounds has been exploited to protect agricultural crops from many pests, including those causing fungal infections (Montes et al, 2015;Kalatehjari et al, 2015;Bramhanwade et al, 2016;Epstein and Bassein, 2001;Begum et al, 2015;Fan et al, 2011;El-Habbaa et al, 2016;Wightwick et al, 2008;Stansly and Kostyk, 2015;Thind and Singh, 2015;Ferreira et al, 2007), and copper pesticides are now applied on some "organic" crops (Baker et al, 2002;Winter and Davis, 2006). Their use as an antimicrobial agent has also been considered in several applications (Emam et al, 2014;Shebl, 2014;Mjos et al, 2016;Congrádyová et al, 2014).…”