Copper Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode and Copper Film with Carbon Nanotubes Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for the Cd(II) Determination

Abstract

A copper film modified glassy carbon electrode (CuF/GCE) and a novel copper film with carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode (CuF/CN/SPE) for anodic stripping voltammetric measurement of ultratrace levels of Cd(II) are presented. During the development of the research procedure, several main parameters were investigated and optimized. The optimal electroanalytical performance of the working electrodes was achieved in electrolyte 0.1 M HCl and 2 × 10−4 M Cu(II). The copper film modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited operation in the presence of dissolved oxygen with a calculated limit of detection of 1.7 × 10−10 M and 210 s accumulation time, repeatability with RSD of 4.2% (n = 5). In the case of copper film with carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode limit of detection amounted 1.3 × 10−10 M for accumulation time of 210 s and with RSD of 4.5% (n = 5). The calibration curve has a linear range in the tested concentration of 5 × 10−10–5 × 10−7 M (r = 0.999) for CuF/GCE and 3 × 10−10–3 × 10−7 M (r = 0.999) for CuF/CN/SPE with 210 s accumulation time in both cases. The used electrodes enable trace determination of cadmium in different environmental water samples containing organic matrix. The validation of the proposed procedures was carried out through analysis certified reference materials: TM-25.5, SPS-SW1, and SPS-WW1.

Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Modified with Carbon Nanotubes and Copper Film as a Simple Tool for Determination of Trace Concentrations of Lead Ions

“…Film electrodes are distinguished by their favorable surface-to-volume ratio, which leads to increased sensitivity. The most common film-forming metals are bismuth, lead, antimony [1,[15][16][17], and now also copper [18][19][20]. The surface of the electrode can also be modified with carbon nanomaterials, and the range of materials being modified is constantly expanding.…”

“…Screen-printed electrodes have become more and more popular in recent years. They are easily and cheaply produced in large quantities and much more convenient to use under environmental conditions, since one small strip contains the three electrodes necessary for voltammetric measurements [19,28,29]. They are a very good solution for field measurements, as they enable the measurement of a water sample immediately after it is collected in the field.…”

Carbon nanotubes as a suitable material for electrochemical sensor used in voltammetric determinations of titanium

“…Carbon nanotubes, due to their extraordinary properties (mechanical, strength, electrical), have a wide area of application, and they also turned out to be a very valuable electrode material (Das et al 2022;Gupta et al 2019;Maheswaran and Shanmugavel 2022). Also in the case of voltammetric sensors, you can find the use of multiwall carbon nanotubes, such as carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode (Baranowska and Bijak 2013;Kumar and Vicente-Beckett 2012), carbon-nanotube-modified carbon paste electrode (Deng et al 2008) as well as bismuth-modified carbon nanotube electrode (Hwang et al 2008;Stočes et al 2012) or copper film with carbon-nanotubes-modified electrode (Wasąg and Grabarczyk 2021). To the best of our knowledge, the modification of carbon nanotube electrode for lead film formation proposed by us is a new and innovative solution, so far not described in the literature.…”

Efficiency Analysis of the Generation of Energy in a Biogas CHP System and its Management in a Waste Landfill – Case Study

“…such as rivers [Wysowska et al, 2020;Ciuła, 2021;Wysowska et al, 2021]. Prohibition on bio-waste landfilling is aimed at implementing the principles of circular economy and waste recovery to use waste in organic, material and thermal recycling processes [Liikanen et al, 2018;Połomka and Jędrczak, 2020; Gronba-Chyła and Generowicz, 2020; Wasąg and Grabarczyk, 2021]. In the past, waste landfilling followed from the lack of specific policies of the various countries that allowed for the landfilling of the municipal waste stream, which was driven by the high costs of using alternative methods in municipal management.…”