Copper corrosion by-product release in long-term stagnation experiments

Merkel, Till; Groß, Hans‐Jürgen; Werner, Wolfgang; Dahlke, Thomas; Reicherter, Susanne; Beuchle, Günter; Eberle, S.H.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00366-9

Cited by 69 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The effect of water quality characteristics, instead, is not clearly understood. Edwards et al (2002) found that low phosphate concentration inhibits the corrosion process until the alkalinity is less than 300 mg·l -1 as CaCO 3 , whereas other experimental studies (Merkel et al, 2002) showed that alkalinity reduces the corrosion rate. In contrast with these findings, experimental results obtained in Florida showed a direct proportionality between water alkalinity and copper concentration in stagnating water (Xiao et al, 2004), pointing out also the beneficial effect of sulphates in reducing copper pipe corrosion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Despite these considerations only a few studies have been developed to completely understand the phenomenon of copper release from water distribution pipes, and, therefore, the knowledge of the problem is still fragmentary. The most important researches concern the effect of stagnation time (Merkel et al, 2002;Lytle and Schock, 2002) and water composition on copper release (Edwards et al, 1996;Broo et al, 1999;Edwards et al, 2002;Shin and Kim, 2004;Pehkonen et al, 2002), or deal with the possibility of predicting and mitigating the assumption of copper from drinking water (Broo et al, 1997, Lagos et al, 1999Xiao et al, 2004, Kirmeyer et al, 2004. Obtained data usually show a direct proportionality between copper concentration in stagnating water and stagnation length, at least for short stagnation periods, as for stagnation periods longer than 48 h the process seems to reach a plateau (Merkel et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Copper Release In Drinking Water Due To Internal Corrosion Of Distibution Pipes

2013

Global NEST Journal

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The present paper deals with water quality modification during its stagnation in copper distribution pipes caused by electrochemical corrosion processes. Copper is chosen as plumbing material because of its wide use in drinking water distribution systems all around the world, and because of its recognized toxicity at high dosages. Several experiments are developed, varying water composition and stagnation length, to ascertain the dependence of copper release on both parameters. The effect of different concentrations of bicarbonates, sulphates and phosphates on metal release is studied, assuming stagnation periods ranging from 15 to 90 minutes. The corrosion potential of the metal surface during stagnation episodes is also monitored to verify the existence of a direct correlation between this potential at the end of each stagnation episode, and the corresponding total dissolved copper concentration in the stagnating water. The correlation allows to quantify copper release in drinking water, measuring the corrosion potential, drastically reducing, in this way, the cost of water quality monitoring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper Release In Drinking Water Due To Internal Corrosion Of Distibution Pipes

2013

Global NEST Journal

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“…In copper pipes, the concentration of copper in water incresed with increasing stagnation time (Lytle & Schrek, 2000;Merkel et al, 2002). Merkel et al found that during stagnation, the concentration of copper reached its maximum after 10 hours, and then it started to decline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Three Municipalities of Romania: The Influence of Municipal and Customer's Distribution Systems Concerning Trace Metals

Vasile¹,

Cruceru²,

Dinu³

et al. 2012

Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment

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“…2,3 Some studies developed in synthetic tap water and neutral low conductivity water in aerated conditions showed that the Cu corrosion behavior is related to the presence of an oxide film, 1,[4][5][6][7] which is primarily composed of cuprous species 1 with other copper products like cupric oxide, cupric hydroxide and possibly cupric carbonate. 8,9 It has been reported that an increase of the oxide film thickness on the surface causes an increase of the polarization resistance with time, mainly in the first days of immersion. 1,10 Conversely, a decrease in the oxide film thickness is obtained with rotating disk electrodes, yielding smaller polarization resistance values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical behavior of copper in drinking water: evaluation of dissolution process at low anodic overpotential

Ríos¹,

Calderón²,

Nogueira³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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O comportamento eletroquímico do cobre em água potável foi estudado por polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em até quatro dias depois de imersão em condições hidrodinâmicas diferentes. Os resultados de impedância foram interpretados usando modelos de circuito equivalente, os quais mostraram um aumento da espessura do filme com o tempo, que impede a difusão de espécies de cobre através da camada de óxido de cobre formada. Essa camada de óxido é maior em condição de estagnação. A baixos sobrepotenciais anódicos, os diagramas de impedância apresentam pelo menos quatro constantes de tempo que poderiam ser explicadas pela existência de diferentes pocessos faradaicos, a adsorção/dessorção de espécies intermediárias, processos de difusão e a formação de uma camada de óxido na superfície de cobre. Na região anódica, a resistência total à corrosão diminui, possivelmente devido à dissolução das espécies de cobre e ao aumento da difusão através da camada de óxido, principalmente sob condições hidrodinâmicas.The electrochemical behavior of copper in near-neutral aerated tap water was studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy up to four days of immersion under different hydrodynamic conditions. The impedance results were interpreted by equivalent circuit that showed an increasing film thickness with time that hinders the diffusion of copper species across the oxide layer, which is larger in stagnating condition. At low anodic overpotential, copper impedance presents at least four time constants that could be explained by faradaic processes, adsorption/desorption of intermediate species, diffusion controlled process and oxide layer formation on copper surface. In the anodic region, the overall corrosion resistance decreases possibly due to the dissolution of copper species and the increase of diffusion across the oxide layer, mainly under hydrodynamic condition.

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Copper corrosion by-product release in long-term stagnation experiments

Cited by 69 publications

References 9 publications

Copper Release In Drinking Water Due To Internal Corrosion Of Distibution Pipes

Copper Release In Drinking Water Due To Internal Corrosion Of Distibution Pipes

Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Three Municipalities of Romania: The Influence of Municipal and Customer's Distribution Systems Concerning Trace Metals

Electrochemical behavior of copper in drinking water: evaluation of dissolution process at low anodic overpotential

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