Copper Catalyzed Synthesis of Heterocyclic Molecules via C–N and C–O Bond Formation under Microwaves: A Mini-Review

Abstract

Heterocyclic moieties play a significant role in the field of drug discovery. C−N and C−O bond formation reactions are the primary synthetic sequence for the generation of heterocyclic molecules. The generation of C−N and C−O bonds involves the use of mostly Pd or Cu catalysts although other transition metal catalyst's are also involved. However, in C−N and C−O bond formation reactions, several problems were faced such as catalytic systems containing costly ligands, lack of substrate scope, lots of waste generation, and high temperature conditions. So it is imperative to uncover new eco-friendly synthetic strategies. In view of enormous drawbacks, it is important to develop an alternate microwave-assisted synthesis of heterocycles via C−N and C−O bond formation, which provides a short reaction time, tolerance for functional groups, and less waste production. Numerous chemical reactions have been accelerated using microwave irradiation which provides a cleaner reaction profile, lower energy consumption, and higher yields. This review article highlights a comprehensive overview on the potential application of microwave assisted synthetic routes for the synthesis of diverse heterocycles via mechanistic pathways covering the year ranges from 2014 to 2023, along with possible biological interests.

Vinyl Esters and Vinyl Sulfonates as Green Alternatives to Vinyl Bromide for the Synthesis of Monosubstituted Alkenes via Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions

“…The synthesis of enamines and vinyl amides is another area in which vinyl acetate can be employed. A well-established procedure based on the copper-catalyzed reaction of organohalogens with carboxylic acid amides is termed the Goldberg reaction [178,179]. Aside from organohalogenides, vinyl acetates can also be used.…”