Copper-Based Two-Dimensional Metal–Organic Frameworks for Fenton-like Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue under UV and Sunlight Irradiation

Abstract

To efficiently degrade organic pollutants, photocatalysts must be effective under both ultraviolet (UV) radiation and sunlight. We synthesized a series of new metal−organic frameworks by using mild hydrothermal conditions. These frameworks incorporate three distinct bipyridyl ligands: pyrazine (pyr), 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy), and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpe). The resulting compounds are denoted as and 5) and Hf (2, 4, and 6)]. All six compounds exhibited a two-dimensional crystal structure comprising infinitely nonintersecting linear chains. Compound 3 achieved 100% degradation of methylene blue (MB) after 8 min under UV irradiation and 100 min under natural sunlight in the presence of H 2 O 2 as the electron acceptor. For compound 5, 100% MB degradation was achieved after 120 min under sunlight and 10 min under UV light. Moreover, reactive radical tests revealed that the dominant species involved in photocatalytic degradation are hydroxyl (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O 2 − ), and photogenerated holes (h + ). The photodegradation process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with photodegradation rate constants of 0.362 min −1 (0.039 min −1 ) for 3 and 0.316 min −1 (0.033 min −1 ) for 5 under UV (sunlight) irradiation. The developed photocatalysts with excellent activity and good recyclability are promising green catalysts for degrading organic pollutants during environmental decontamination.