“…Building upon previously reported resistance strategies to avoid predatory myxobacteria discovered from predator-prey experiments (11,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22), predation experiments including aeruginosa antibiotic resistance were up-regulated in the survivor phenotype (38,39).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…Compared to features associated with bacterial strategies to avoid protozoan { PAGE } predators, prey avoidance of myxobacterial predators remains underexplored. Although predator-prey experiments that utilize myxobacteria with various prey such as Bacillus subtilis (Muller et al, 2014;Muller et al, 2015;Muller et al, 2016), E. coli (Livingstone et al, 2018;Nair et al, 2019), Sinorhizobium melilotti (Perez et al, 2014;Contreras-Moreno et al, 2020), P. aeruginosa (Sutton et al, 2019), and Streptomyces coelicolor (Perez et al, 2011) aeruginosa antibiotic resistance were up-regulated in the survivor phenotype (Aeschlimann, 2003;Li et al, 2015). Growth curve analysis determined that the P. putida survivor phenotype was indeed resistant to the aminoglycosides kanamycin and gentamicin as well as tetracycline; susceptibility to all 3 of these antibiotics was observed from predator unexposed P. putida.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Compared to features associated with bacterial strategies to avoid protozoan predators, prey avoidance of predatory myxobacteria remains underexplored (Weitere et al, 2005;Justice et al, 2008;Erken et al, 2013;Seiler et al, 2017;Sun et al, 2018). Examples of prey responses correlated with resistance to myxobacterial predation include Escherichia coli biofilm formation (DePas et al, 2014), Bacillus subtilis sporulation and production of bacillaene (Muller et al, 2014;Muller et al, 2015), Bacillus licheniformus glycosylation of the predation-associated metabolite myxovirescin A (Wang et al, 2019), galactoglucan exopolysaccharide production and { PAGE } increased melanin production by Sinorhizobium meliloti (Perez et al, 2014;Contreras-Moreno et al, 2020), and formaldehyde secretion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Sutton et al, 2019). All of these features were discovered from predator-prey experiments utilizing the model myxobacterium M. xanthus.…”
Predation contributes to the structure and diversity of microbial communities. Predatory myxobacteria are ubiquitous to a variety of microbial habitats and capably consume a broad diversity of microbial prey. Predator-prey experiments utilizing myxobacteria have provided details into predatory mechanisms and features that facilitate consumption of prey. However, prey resistance to myxobacterial predation remains underexplored, and prey resistances have been observed exclusively from predator-prey experiments that included the model myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. Utilizing a predator-prey pairing that instead included the myxobacterium, Cystobacter ferrugineus, with Pseudomonas putida as prey, we infrequently observed surviving phenotypes capable of eluding predation. Comparative transcriptomics between P. putida unexposed to C. ferrugineus and the survivor phenotype suggested that increased expression of efflux pumps, genes associated with mucoid conversion, and various membrane features contribute to predator avoidance. The P. putida survivor phenotype was confirmed to be resistant to the antibiotics kanamycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline and to produce more alginate than predator-unexposed P. putida. Unique features observed from the survivor phenotype including small colony variation, efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance, and increased mucoid conversion overlap with traits associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa predator avoidance and pathogenicity. The survivor phenotype also benefited from increased predator resistance during subsequent predation assays. These results demonstrate the utility of myxobacterial predator-prey models and provide insight into prey resistances in response to predatory stress might contribute to the phenotypic diversity and structure of bacterial communities.
“…Building upon previously reported resistance strategies to avoid predatory myxobacteria discovered from predator-prey experiments (11,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22), predation experiments including aeruginosa antibiotic resistance were up-regulated in the survivor phenotype (38,39).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…Compared to features associated with bacterial strategies to avoid protozoan { PAGE } predators, prey avoidance of myxobacterial predators remains underexplored. Although predator-prey experiments that utilize myxobacteria with various prey such as Bacillus subtilis (Muller et al, 2014;Muller et al, 2015;Muller et al, 2016), E. coli (Livingstone et al, 2018;Nair et al, 2019), Sinorhizobium melilotti (Perez et al, 2014;Contreras-Moreno et al, 2020), P. aeruginosa (Sutton et al, 2019), and Streptomyces coelicolor (Perez et al, 2011) aeruginosa antibiotic resistance were up-regulated in the survivor phenotype (Aeschlimann, 2003;Li et al, 2015). Growth curve analysis determined that the P. putida survivor phenotype was indeed resistant to the aminoglycosides kanamycin and gentamicin as well as tetracycline; susceptibility to all 3 of these antibiotics was observed from predator unexposed P. putida.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Compared to features associated with bacterial strategies to avoid protozoan predators, prey avoidance of predatory myxobacteria remains underexplored (Weitere et al, 2005;Justice et al, 2008;Erken et al, 2013;Seiler et al, 2017;Sun et al, 2018). Examples of prey responses correlated with resistance to myxobacterial predation include Escherichia coli biofilm formation (DePas et al, 2014), Bacillus subtilis sporulation and production of bacillaene (Muller et al, 2014;Muller et al, 2015), Bacillus licheniformus glycosylation of the predation-associated metabolite myxovirescin A (Wang et al, 2019), galactoglucan exopolysaccharide production and { PAGE } increased melanin production by Sinorhizobium meliloti (Perez et al, 2014;Contreras-Moreno et al, 2020), and formaldehyde secretion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Sutton et al, 2019). All of these features were discovered from predator-prey experiments utilizing the model myxobacterium M. xanthus.…”
Predation contributes to the structure and diversity of microbial communities. Predatory myxobacteria are ubiquitous to a variety of microbial habitats and capably consume a broad diversity of microbial prey. Predator-prey experiments utilizing myxobacteria have provided details into predatory mechanisms and features that facilitate consumption of prey. However, prey resistance to myxobacterial predation remains underexplored, and prey resistances have been observed exclusively from predator-prey experiments that included the model myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. Utilizing a predator-prey pairing that instead included the myxobacterium, Cystobacter ferrugineus, with Pseudomonas putida as prey, we infrequently observed surviving phenotypes capable of eluding predation. Comparative transcriptomics between P. putida unexposed to C. ferrugineus and the survivor phenotype suggested that increased expression of efflux pumps, genes associated with mucoid conversion, and various membrane features contribute to predator avoidance. The P. putida survivor phenotype was confirmed to be resistant to the antibiotics kanamycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline and to produce more alginate than predator-unexposed P. putida. Unique features observed from the survivor phenotype including small colony variation, efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance, and increased mucoid conversion overlap with traits associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa predator avoidance and pathogenicity. The survivor phenotype also benefited from increased predator resistance during subsequent predation assays. These results demonstrate the utility of myxobacterial predator-prey models and provide insight into prey resistances in response to predatory stress might contribute to the phenotypic diversity and structure of bacterial communities.
“…Other results involving the production of SMs during predatory relationships are the induction of bacillaene by B. subtilis [76] , [169] , or the biosynthesis of melanin by S. meliloti to protect against predation by M. xanthus ( Fig. 3 ) [77] , [170] . Fig.…”
Section: Myxobacteria As Sources Of New Antibiotics Bioactive Producmentioning
“…SEMs equipped with EDX/EDS have been used to quantify the elemental composition of various melanins/materials including: C and S in fossils; [ 489 ] C, Ca, Cu, and O in melanins produced by bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas sp ., [ 233 ] Myxococcus xanthus and Sinorhizobium meliloti [ 491 ] ); C, K, N, Na, O, S in melanins produced by various strains of fungi (; [ 391 ] C, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, N, Na, O, and S in melanins produced by cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis [ 485 ] ); C, Cu, Fe, N, Na, O, S, and Zn in melanins sourced from human hair, [ 379,487,492 ] and healthy/diseased tissues (including aortic valves, bones, brain, and cartilage containing C, O, N, S, Na, and Ca [ 490,493–495 ] ).…”
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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