Copper and Copper/Zn Ratio in a Series of Children with Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study

Escobedo-Monge, Marlene Fabiola; Barrado, E.; Parodi-Román, Joaquín; Escobedo-Monge, María Antonieta; Torres-Hinojal, María Carmen; Marugán-Miguelsanz, José Manuel

doi:10.3390/nu13103578

Cited by 24 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Serum prealbumin ≤ 18 mg/dL, albumin ≤ 3.5 g/dL as visceral protein reserve, transferrin ≤ 200 mg/dL, lymphocytes < 2000 cell/mm 3 , total cholesterol (TC) > 200 (mild-moderate risk) and >225 mg/dL (high risk), and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > 115 (mildmoderate risk) and >135 mg/dL (high risk) were used as cutoffs to evaluate abnormal values. Serum levels of folic acid; beta-carotene; vitamins B12, C, D, E, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc [40], and copper [41]; total immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgG1-4, IgA, IgM, and IgE; C3 and C4 complement; CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16+56, CD19 lymphocytes, and CD4/CD8 ratio; and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) were assessed.…”

Section: Laboratory Explorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium Status and Calcium/Magnesium Ratios in a Series of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

et al. 2022

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Magnesium (Mg) is an essential micronutrient that participates in various enzymatic reactions that regulate vital biological functions. The main aim was to assess the Mg status and its association with nutritional indicators in seventeen cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The serum Mg and calcium (Ca) levels were determined using standardized methods and the dietary Mg intake by prospective 72 h dietary surveys. The mean serum Ca (2.45 mmol/L) and Mg (0.82 mmol/L) had normal levels, and the mean dietary intake of the Ca (127% DRI: Dietary Reference Intake) and Mg (125% DRI) were high. No patients had an abnormal serum Ca. A total of 47% of the subjects had hypomagnesemia and 12% insufficient Mg consumption. One patient had a serum Mg deficiency and inadequate Mg intake. A total of 47 and 82% of our series had a high serum Ca/Mg ratio of >4.70 (mean 4.89) and a low Ca/Mg intake ratio of <1.70 (mean 1.10), respectively. The likelihood of a high Ca/Mg ratio was 49 times higher in patients with a serum Mg deficiency than in normal serum Mg patients. Both Ca/Mg ratios were associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and even several cancers. Therefore, 53% of the CF patients were at high risk of a Mg deficiency and developing other chronic diseases.

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Section: Laboratory Explorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium Status and Calcium/Magnesium Ratios in a Series of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

et al. 2022

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“…19 As regards the mechanisms of the link between altered Cu/Zn status and BC, high circulating Cu and Cu/Zn ratio, and low Zn, have been associated with chronic inflammation in various human studies. [20][21][22][23][24][25] There is considerable evidence that chronic inflammation in associated with increased risk of several cancers including BC. [26][27][28] A previous study on our ORDET cohort found that high levels of the inflammatory marker C reactive protein were associated with increased risk of postmenopausal BC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediagnostic Levels of Copper and Zinc and Breast Cancer Risk in the ORDET Cohort

Pala

Agnoli

Cavalleri

et al. 2022

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: Case-control studies show that copper (Cu) is high and zinc (Zn) low in blood and urine of breast cancer (BC) women compared to controls. Methods: To assess whether pre-diagnostic Cu and Zn are associated with BC risk, odds ratios (OR) of BC according to Cu, Zn, and Cu/Zn ratio in plasma and urine were estimated in a nested case-control study within the ORDET cohort, using conditional logistic regression adjusted for multiple variables: First 496 BC cases and matched controls, diagnosed {greater than or equal to} 2 years after recruitment (to eliminate reverse causation) were analyzed. Then all eligible cases/controls were analyzed with stratification into years from recruitment to diagnosis. Results: For women diagnosed {greater than or equal to} 2 years, compared to lowest tertiles, BC risk was higher in the highest tertile of plasma Cu/Zn ratio (OR:1.75; 95%CI): 1.21, 2.54) and the highest tertile of both plasma and urine Cu/Zn ratio (OR: 2.37; 95%CI: 1.32, 4.25). Risk did not vary with ER/PR/HER2 status. For women diagnosed <2 years, high Cu/Zn ratio was strongly associated with BC risk. Conclusions: Our prospective findings suggest that increased Cu/Zn ratio in plasma and urine may be both an early marker of, and a risk factor for, BC development. Further studies are justified to confirm or otherwise our results and to investigate mechanisms. Impact: Our finding that pre-diagnostic Cu/Zn ratio is a strong risk factor for BC development deserves further investigation and if confirmed might open the way to interventions to reduce BC risk in women with disrupted Cu/Zn homeostasis.

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“…The design of this cross-sectional and comparative study ( Figure 1 ) was previously published in children and adolescents with chronic diseases [ 41 , 42 ]. We performed this study in the Nutrition Unit of the Pediatrics Service at the University Clinical Hospital in Valladolid, Spain.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium Status and Ca/Mg Ratios in a Series of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Diseases

et al. 2022

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Magnesium (Mg) is an essential divalent cation involved in various enzymatic reactions that regulate vital biological functions. The main goal was to evaluate Mg status and its association with nutritional indicators in 78 children and adolescents with chronic diseases. We assessed anthropometric, biochemical, diet, body composition, and bone densitometry valuations. Serum Mg and Ca levels were determined using the standardized method and diet calcium (Ca) and Mg consumption by a prospective 72 h diet survey. Mean serum Ca (9.9 mg/dL), Mg (2.08 mg/dL) dietary Ca (102% DRI: Dietary Reference Intake), and Mg intake (105% DRI) were normal. A total of 45% had hypomagnesemia, 12% had hypermagnesemia, and 26% and 24% had inadequate and high Mg intake, respectively. Only 6% of patients had poor Mg intake and hypomagnesemia, and 54% and 90% of our series had an elevated serum Ca/Mg ratio > 4.70 (mean 4.79) and a low Ca/Mg intake ratio < 1.70 (mean 1.06), respectively. Both Ca/Mg ratios were linked with the risk of developing other chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, syndrome metabolic, and even several cancers. Therefore, 79% of children and adolescents with chronic diseases were at elevated risk of having abnormal Mg status and developing other chronic illnesses.

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Copper and Copper/Zn Ratio in a Series of Children with Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 24 publications

References 108 publications

Magnesium Status and Calcium/Magnesium Ratios in a Series of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Magnesium Status and Calcium/Magnesium Ratios in a Series of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Prediagnostic Levels of Copper and Zinc and Breast Cancer Risk in the ORDET Cohort

Magnesium Status and Ca/Mg Ratios in a Series of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Diseases

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