Copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile under ultraviolet irradiation

Spontaneous copolymerization and diels‐alder reaction of 1,3‐cyclohexadiene with citraconic anhydride

“…It has been suggested (3)(4)(5)7,12) that such a copolymerization is initiated by a radical resulting from a CT complex in the excited state and a cycloaddition proceeds through the complex in the ground state. The methyl group on the MAn derivatives should lower their electron-accepting property, as is also presumable from their e value (17), resulting in a decrease in the excited-state species of the CT complex.…”

“…A reaction of a conjugated diene with a dienophile to form a 1 : 1 cycloadduct is well known as a Diels-Alder reaction (1). Recently it has been reported (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) that in some systems composed of conjugated dienes and acceptor monomers a spontaneous copolymerization takes place predominantly or simultaneously with a cycloaddition. Such a cycloaddition and a copolymerization have been postulated (3,4,7) to proceed through ground-and excited-state species, respectively, in a charge transfer (CT) complex formed between a diene and an acceptor monomer.…”

“…Recently it has been reported (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) that in some systems composed of conjugated dienes and acceptor monomers a spontaneous copolymerization takes place predominantly or simultaneously with a cycloaddition. Such a cycloaddition and a copolymerization have been postulated (3,4,7) to proceed through ground-and excited-state species, respectively, in a charge transfer (CT) complex formed between a diene and an acceptor monomer. However, in our previous papers (9,13) it was proposed that in systems involving conjugated cyclodienes of five-to eight-membered rings and some acceptor monomers a relationship between the two reactions is mainly determined by an orientational structure between the diene and the acceptor in the CT complex rather than a difference in the energy states of the complex mentioned above.…”

Alternating copolymer graft copolymers. VII. Cellulose graft copolymers. III. Grafting of alternating styrene‐acrylonitrile and styrene‐methacrylonitrile copolymers onto cellulose in absence of metal halide

“…When the reaction is carried out in an aqueous medium, the alternating copolymer is formed in the presence of a water-soluble radical catalyst (2). The alternating copolymer grafts onto cellulose when the latter is present during the reaction in an aqueous medium (3). methacrylonitrile copolymers are produced as both ungrafted and cellulose graft copolymers when the copolymerizations are carried out in the presence of cellulose in the absence of a metal halide, using a persulfate, a persulfatebisulfite redox system or ceric ammonium nitrate as the water soluble radical initiator.…”

“…such -CH bonds of a polymer which is present in the reaction medium. The grafting of growing chains from donor-acceptor complexes onto polymers to yield alternating copolymer graft copolymers has been previously described (3,11,12). lulose matrix undergo homopolymerization.…”