“…Nonetheless, as we develop below, recent research argues that low-stakes accountability also has the potential to generate performance pressure on schools and teachers as well (Figueiredo et al, 2016; Hammersley-Fletcher et al, 2021; Maaranen & Wågsås Afdal, 2020). This seems to be linked to the implications the public diffusion of test results may have for the definition of what a “good teacher” and a “good school” are (Camphuijsen, 2020; Maroy & Pons, 2019). It is also acknowledged that, in marketized educational contexts, that is, where there is school choice freedom and school funding depends on the number of enrolled students, symbolic consequences may also be perceived as “harder” to the extent they can influence future school demand and, accordingly, school resources (Maroy & Voisin, 2017).…”