Background: The melanoma incidence and mortality rates in rural and remote communities are exponentially higher than in urban areas. Digital health could be used to close the urban/rural gap for melanoma and improve access to posttreatment and support care services. Objective: To understand how digital health is currently used for melanoma post-treatment care and determine its benefits for Australian rural and remote areas. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus was conducted in March 2018. Findings were clustered per type of intervention and related-direct outcomes. Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria, but none of them investigated the benefits of digital health for melanoma post-treatment care in rural and remote areas of Australia. A number of empirical studies demonstrated consumers' acceptance toward digital intervention for post-treatment care. Findings did not take into consideration individual, psychological and socioeconomic factors, even though studies show their significant impacts on melanoma quality of aftercare. Conclusions: Digital interventions may to be used as an adjunct service by clinicians during melanoma post-treatment care, especially in regions that are lower-resourced by practitioners and health infrastructure, such as rural and remote Australia. Technology could be used to reduce the disparity in melanoma incidence, mortality rates and accessibility to post-treatment care management between urban and rural/remote populations.Keywords: Digital health; eHealth; Technology; Melanoma; Post-treatment care; Support care services; Rural areas; Remote communities; Patient centric; Oncology
IntroductionAustralia remains a country with one of the highest levels of melanoma. In 2015, the worldwide average age-standardised incidence rate (ASR) for melanoma was 5 cases for 100,000, however the rates for Australia and New Zealand are over ten times that level (Table 1) , leading to a higher incidence and mortality within 5 years. The median incidence ASR for Non-Indigenous Australians with CM is 32 per 100,000 across rural and remote areas and 27 per 100,000 in major cities. In comparison, the median worldwide ARS mortality for CM is 5.4 per 100,000 across rural and remote areas and 4.6 per 100,000 in major cities [7].Melanoma treatment plans depend on (a) prognostic factors which are largely defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system [8], and (b) individual characteristics which will allow the clinicians to determine the type of Melanoma and the risk for recurrences. For example, patients previously treated for primary CM are at higher risk of recurrences and developing new primary melanomas and skin lesions [9]. However, early-detection can reduce mortality rates, as melanoma can be more effectively cured with simple and cheap treatments in the early stages [10]. In 1996, Berwick and colleagues reported that Total Self Skin-Examination (TSSE) may decrease melanoma mortality by 63% [11] and a 2003 study found that re...