Coping mechanisms and strategies adopted to improve the quality and timeliness of immunization data among lower-level private-for-profit service providers in Kampala Capital City, Uganda

Abstract

Background Lower-level urban private-for-profit health service providers are actively engaged in the delivery of immunization services. However, not much is known about their everyday endeavours to improve data quality and ensure the submitted data meets the quality and timeliness requirements as per established guidelines. The objective of this paper was to examine the coping mechanisms and strategies adopted to improve the quality and timeliness of immunization data among lower-level private-for-profit service providers in Kampala Capital City, Uganda. Methods A qualitative study design was adopted with in-depth interviews (n = 17) and key informant interviews (n = 8) completed among frontline health workers, district health managers and immunization implementing partners. Analysis followed a thematic approach with coding conducted using Atlas. ti, a qualitative data management software. Results Overall, coping mechanisms and strategies adopted to improve the data quality among lower-level urban private-for-profit immunization service providers included; Experiential attachment for practical skills acquisition in data management, data quality peer-to-peer learning among private-for-profit immunization service providers, registration using cohort system for easy tracking of records during subsequent visits, separation of visiting service user records from regular attendants, service delivery modifications such as reward for better performance, engagement of Village Health Teams (VHTs) in outreaches and data completion, and data quality checks through review of monitoring charts to identify gaps in data quality. Conclusions Within the urban context, the delivery of immunization services by lower-level private-for-profit services faces data quality challenges some of which stem from the implementation context. Different coping strategies focusing on frontline health worker skills, enhanced experience sharing through peer-to-peer learning, modifications to registration and routine review of monitoring charts. However, these efforts were often faced with chronic barriers such as the high staff turnover calling for dedicated efforts to optimize the available implementation opportunities like guidelines mandating the public health facilities to supervise the lower-level private immunization service providers within their catchment areas to respond to the identified gaps.