Copepod carcasses in the western Bay of Bengal and associated ecology

The oral microbiome and oral and upper gastrointestinal diseases

“…It is important to recognize that such inflammation is controllable and, with proper management, can be prevented from advancing to a state that causes tissue destruction. Recent studies have introduced the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) hypothesis [ 57–59 ], which emphasizes the relationship between dysbiosis of the oral microbiome and inflammation, which reinforce each other and promote periodontitis [ 60 ]. This suggests that the keystone pathogen impairs host immunity and promotes inflammation.…”

“…Bacteria possessing proteolytic and asaccharolytic traits, along with iron-acquisition capabilities, can selectively exploit these compounds, leading to a competitive advantage over bacteria that lack these attributes, which are consequently outcompeted and diminished in the microbiome. This phenomenon ultimately disrupts the balance of the microbiome [ 57 ]. This enhances inflammation in turn.…”

“…Contrarily, excessive exposure to dietary carbohydrates leads to the production of a greater quantity of acidic metabolites and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) [ 57 , 68 ]. These acidic metabolites primarily consist of organic acids, such as lactic acid, acetic acid, and pyruvate, which are generated by bacterial metabolism of carbohydrates.…”

“…If left unaddressed, the biofilm perpetually favors acidophilic microbiomes, thus maintaining an environment with a low pH. Concurrently, repeated and prolonged exposure to sugars results in continual acidification, causing demineralization of tooth enamel and proteolytic degradation of dental hard tissues, ultimately leading to the development of dental caries [ 57 , 62 , 69 , 70 ]. Streptococcus mutans and sucrose play crucial roles in the progression of dental caries.…”