Coordination of Mercury(II) in Water Promoted over Hydrolysis in Solvated Clusters [Hg(H₂O)_1–6]_(aq)²⁺: Insights from Relativistic Effects and Free Energy Analysis

Abstract

Understanding the nature of the interaction between mercury(II) ions, Hg 2+ , and water molecules is crucial to describe the stability and chemical behavior of structures formed during solvation, as well as the conditions that favor the Hg 2+ coordination or inducing water hydrolysis. In our study, we explored exhaustively the potential energy surface of Hg 2+ with up to six water molecules. We analyzed electronic and Gibbs free energies, binding, and nuclear magnetic resonance parameters. We used the zeroth-order regular approximation Hamiltonian, including scalar and spin−orbit relativistic corrections for free energy calculations and geometry optimizations to explore the interplay between electron correlation and relativistic effects. We analyzed intermolecular interactions with energy decomposition analysis, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and natural bond orbital. Additionally, we used the fourcomponent Dirac Hamiltonian to compute solvent effect on the magnetic shielding and J-coupling constants. Our results revealed that the water hydrolysis by Hg 2+ requires a minimum of three water molecules. We found that the interaction between Hg 2+ and water molecules is an orbital interaction due to relativistic effects and the most stable structures are opened-shape clusters, reducing the number of oxygen−mercury contacts and maximizing the formation of hydrogen bonds among water molecules. In these types of clusters, Hg 2+ promotes the water hydrolysis over coordination with oxygen atoms. However, when we considered the change associated with the transfer of a cluster from the ideal gas to a solvated system, our solvation free energy analysis revealed that closedshape clusters are more favorable, maximizing the number of oxygen−mercury contacts and reducing the formation of hydrogen bonds among water molecules. This finding suggests that, under room conditions, the coordination of Hg 2+ is more favorable than hydrolysis. Our results have significant implications for understanding Hg 2+ behavior in water, helping to develop targeted strategies for mercury remediation and management, and contributing to advancements in the broader field of environmental chemistry.