“…For example, some projects have focused on communication adaptation in a client-server system, e.g., [16,19,6,2]. Other studies use similar "parameter-level" adaptation techniques in more general distributed systems, e.g., [9,21,3,8]. Another class of adaptation solutions is based on dynamic resource allocation using utility functions, e.g., [7,26,17], or using application models specifying resource requirements, e.g., the ARA mechanisms [24] in the RT-ARM system [14].…”