Coordinated patterns of cytochrome bd and lactate dehydrogenase expression in Bacillus subtilis

Larsson, Jonas; Rogstam, Annika; Wachenfeldt, Claes von

doi:10.1099/mic.0.28124-0

Cited by 76 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Rex homologues exist in most gram-positive bacteria. In B. subtilis, a Rex homolog, YdiH, encoded by the ydiH gene acts as a repressor for cydABCD transcription under aerobic growth conditions (27 of B. subtilis acts as a negative regulator of cydABCD, ldh-lctP, and ywcJ and coordinates the expression of these genes during the transition from aerobic to anaerobic growth (15). DNase I footprinting analysis revealed three binding sites of YdiH in the cydA promoter region, and a consensus sequence was proposed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Fnr Regulon of Bacillus subtilis

et al. 2006

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The Bacillus subtilis transcriptional regulator Fnr is an integral part of the regulatory cascade required for the adaptation of the bacterium to low oxygen tension. The B. subtilis Fnr regulon was defined via transcriptomic analysis in combination with bioinformatic-based binding site prediction. Four distinct groups of Fnr-dependent genes were observed. Group 1 genes (narKfnr, narGHJI, and arfM) are generally induced by Fnr under anaerobic conditions. All corresponding promoters contain an essential Fnr-binding site centered ؊41.5/؊40. The gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis adapts to an anaerobic environment by changing its metabolic activity (26). Under anaerobic conditions, B. subtilis performs a mixed-acid fermentation with lactate, acetate, and acetoin as the major products (7, 24). In the presence of nitrate, B. subtilis performs the respiratory process of ammonification (8,13,14,22).The regulatory network underlying anaerobic adaptation has been extensively studied during the last decade. A regulatory cascade describing the coordinated regulation of genes involved in anaerobiosis was established (7). One major regulatory switch in the adaptation to anaerobiosis is the two-component system ResDE (32,35). While the mechanism of signal perception by ResDE is still unknown, the downstream regulatory network is elucidated to a significant depth. Activated ResD binds to promoter regions of nasDE, encoding the nitrite reductase, the flavohemoglobin gene hmp, and the gene encoding the redox regulator Fnr (23, 25). Fnr in turn is responsible for the induction of the narGHJI operon and narK, encoding the respiratory nitrate reductase and a potential nitrite extrusion protein, respectively (6, 24). Mutation of fnr strongly affects anaerobic growth of B. subtilis on nitrate (6, 24). Furthermore, Fnr activates the expression of the arfM gene encoding an anaerobic respiration and fermentation modulator protein by direct interaction with the arfM promoter region (16). The promoter regions of all three Fnr-regulated genes carry the highly conserved potential B. subtilis Fnr-binding site (TGTGA-N 6 -TCACA) centered 41.5/40.5 bp from the transcriptional start point. Complementation experiments using an Escherichia coli crp mutant revealed that the DNA-binding domain of Fnr of B. subtilis is similar to that of Crp from E. coli, the well-studied cyclic AMP receptor protein (6). In B. subtilis, additional potential Fnr-binding sites were found in the promoter regions of a second potential nitrite transporter gene, ywcJ, as well as the fermentation operons ldh-lctP and alsSD (6,7,34). The latter operons encode lactate dehydrogenase, lactate permease, and acetolactate synthase and acetolactate decarboxylase, respectively. Transcription of alsSD and ldh-lctP was found to be anaerobically induced and repressed by the presence of nitrate (7). Nitrate repression was related to nitrate reductase activity (7).Global transcriptional profiling was used to analyze changes in the mRNA population after adaptation to anaerobic...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The acoA-lacZ fusion of B. subtilis strain QB700 (1) was transformed into the amyE locus of B. subtilis JH642 (wild type), THB2 (fnr mutant), and THB1 (narG mutant), which resulted in strains HRB26, HRB27, and HRB28, respectively. To obtain strain HRB29, we transformed strain LUW273 (ydiH mutant) with plasmid pywcJ-lacZ (15).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fnr Regulon of Bacillus subtilis

et al. 2006

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“…The procedures used for microarray analysis, cDNA labeling, slide hybridization, data collection, and normalization have been described previously (18). Growth was performed as described above, and in exponential phase (OD 600 ϭ 0.6), SNP was added to a final concentration of 0.5 mM.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Growth was performed as described above, and total RNA was isolated as described previously (18) and was purified further using the QIAGEN RNeasy Mini Protocol for RNA Cleanup with on-column DNase digestion with the QIAGEN RNase-free DNase set. RNA was quantified spectrophotometrically.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Adaptation to Nitrosative Stress inBacillus subtilis

et al. 2007

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Bacteria use a number of mechanisms for coping with the toxic effects exerted by nitric oxide (NO) and its derivatives. Here we show that the flavohemoglobin encoded by the hmp gene has a vital role in an adaptive response to protect the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis from nitrosative stress. We further show that nitrosative stress induced by the nitrosonium cation donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) leads to deactivation of the transcriptional repressor NsrR, resulting in derepression of hmp. Nitrosative stress induces the sigma Bcontrolled general stress regulon. However, a sigB null mutant did not show increased sensitivity to SNP, suggesting that the sigma B-dependent stress proteins are involved in a nonspecific protection against stress whereas the Hmp flavohemoglobin plays a central role in detoxification. Mutations in the yjbIH operon, which encodes a truncated hemoglobin (YjbI) and a predicted 34-kDa cytosolic protein of unknown function (YjbH), rendered B. subtilis hypersensitive to SNP, suggesting roles in nitrosative stress management.

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“…X-ray crystallographic data from T. aquaticus Rex suggest that Rex exists as a homodimeric protein, with each monomer containing winged helix and NAD(H) binding domains (208 (23,81,130,191). Computer modeling suggests that Rex interacts with both the major and minor DNA grooves (69).…”

Section: Rex (Ydih)mentioning

confidence: 99%

At the Crossroads of Bacterial Metabolism and Virulence Factor Synthesis in Staphylococci

Somerville

Proctor

2009

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

327

348

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SUMMARY Bacteria live in environments that are subject to rapid changes in the availability of the nutrients that are necessary to provide energy and biosynthetic intermediates for the synthesis of macromolecules. Consequently, bacterial survival depends on the ability of bacteria to regulate the expression of genes coding for enzymes required for growth in the altered environment. In pathogenic bacteria, adaptation to an altered environment often includes activating the transcription of virulence genes; hence, many virulence genes are regulated by environmental and nutritional signals. Consistent with this observation, the regulation of most, if not all, virulence determinants in staphylococci is mediated by environmental and nutritional signals. Some of these external signals can be directly transduced into a regulatory response by two-component regulators such as SrrAB; however, other external signals require transduction into intracellular signals. Many of the external environmental and nutritional signals that regulate virulence determinant expression can also alter bacterial metabolic status (e.g., iron limitation). Altering the metabolic status results in the transduction of external signals into intracellular metabolic signals that can be “sensed” by regulatory proteins (e.g., CodY, Rex, and GlnR). This review uses information derived primarily using Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to articulate how gram-positive pathogens, with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, regulate virulence determinant expression in response to a changing environment.

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Coordinated patterns of cytochrome bd and lactate dehydrogenase expression in Bacillus subtilis

Cited by 76 publications

References 39 publications

The Fnr Regulon of Bacillus subtilis

The Fnr Regulon of Bacillus subtilis

Mechanisms of Adaptation to Nitrosative Stress inBacillus subtilis

At the Crossroads of Bacterial Metabolism and Virulence Factor Synthesis in Staphylococci

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