Coordinated induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and inhibition of plasminogen activator gene expression by hypoxia promotes pulmonary vascular fibrin deposition.

Pinsky, David J.; Liao, Hui; Lawson, Charles A.; Yan, Shi Fang; Chen, Jingxian; Carmeliet, Peter; Loskutoff, David J.; Stern, David M.

doi:10.1172/jci307

Cited by 180 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Although hypercoagulability and thrombotic episodes appear to be induced by physical (34,38,39) and mental stress (33), little information is available about underlying mechanisms. In this report, we studied the expression of PAI-1 in a mouse restraint stress model and attempted to relate it to stress-induced thrombosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, hyperthermia stimulated PAI-1 expression in cultured endothelial cells in vitro (36), whereas PAI-1 was strongly induced by acute inflammatory stress (e.g., endotoxin administration; ref. 37) and hypoxic stress (38) in vivo. Chronic stress, defined as feelings of fatigue, lack of energy, increased irritability, and demoralization, also was shown to be associated with elevated plasma PAI-1 antigen in middle-aged men (39).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a major stress-regulated gene: Implications for stress-induced thrombosis in aged individuals

Yamamoto

Takeshita

Shimokawa

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

145

129

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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is one of the primary inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system and has been implicated in a variety of thrombotic disorders. In this report, stress-induced changes in murine PAI-1 gene expression were investigated to study the role of this inhibitor in the development of stress-induced hypercoagulability. Restraint stress led to a dramatic induction of plasma PAI-1 antigen and of tissue PAI-1 mRNA with maximum induction in adipose tissues. In situ hybridization analysis of the stressed mice revealed that strong signals for PAI-1 mRNA were localized to hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells, adrenomedullar chromaffin cells, neural cells in the paraaortic sympathetic ganglion, vascular smooth muscle cells, and adipocytes, but not to endothelial cells. These observations indicate that the stress induces the PAI-1 gene expression in a tissue-specific and cell type-specific manner. The induction of PAI-1 mRNA by restraint stress was greater than that observed for heat shock protein, a typical stress protein, suggesting that PAI-1 is one of the most highly induced stress proteins. Importantly, the magnitude of induction of PAI-1 mRNA by stress increased markedly with age, and this increase in PAI-1 correlated with tissue thrombosis in the older stressed mice. Moreover, much less tissue thrombosis was induced by restraint stress in young and aged PAI-1-deficient mice compared with agematched wild-type mice. These results suggest that the large induction of PAI-1 by stress increases the risk for thrombosis in the older populations, and that the adipose tissue may be involved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a major stress-regulated gene: Implications for stress-induced thrombosis in aged individuals

Yamamoto

Takeshita

Shimokawa

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

145

129

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“…fibrinolysis | thrombolysis | fibrosis | cancer P lasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) implicated in numerous pathological processes, including coronary heart disease, chronic fibrotic and inflammatory diseases, and tumor invasion and metastasis (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). These associations have made PAI-1 an attractive pharmaceutical target.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic characterization and crystal structure of a small molecule inactivator bound to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

Reinke

Sanders

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family. Excessive PAI-1 activity is associated with human disease, making it an attractive pharmaceutical target. However, like other serpins, PAI-1 has a labile structure, making it a difficult target for the development of small molecule inhibitors, and to date, there are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved small molecule inactivators of any serpins. Here we describe the mechanistic and structural characterization of a high affinity inactivator of PAI-1. This molecule binds to PAI-1 reversibly and acts through an allosteric mechanism that inhibits PAI-1 binding to proteases and to its cofactor vitronectin. The binding site is identified by X-ray crystallography and mutagenesis as a pocket at the interface of β-sheets B and C and α-helix H. A similar pocket is present on other serpins, suggesting that this site could be a common target in this structurally conserved protein family.fibrinolysis | thrombolysis | fibrosis | cancer P lasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) implicated in numerous pathological processes, including coronary heart disease, chronic fibrotic and inflammatory diseases, and tumor invasion and metastasis (1-6). These associations have made PAI-1 an attractive pharmaceutical target. However, despite extensive studies, only a few small molecule inhibitors have been identified thus far (7-16), and the majority of these are poor pharmaceutical candidates as they have relatively low affinity for PAI-1 and are unable to inactivate PAI-1 bound to its plasma cofactor vitronectin.PAI-1 is the most potent physiologic inhibitor of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA, respectively) (17). Like other serpins, PAI-1 has a solvent-exposed, reactive center loop (RCL) that contains an amino acid sequence that confers protease target specificity. The serpin inhibitory mechanism is a multistep process of coordinated conformational changes that are necessary to trap a target protease (18). The first step is the formation of a noncovalent Michaelis complex, followed by the initial steps of a typical serine protease catalytic attack leading to the covalent acyl-enzyme complex (19). However, before the protease can dissociate from the serpin, a dramatic conformational change occurs [termed the stressed to relaxed (S to R) transition], in which the cleaved RCL inserts into the central β-sheet A, translocating the covalently-bound protease 70 Å to the base of β-sheet A (20). This conformational change results in distortion of the protease active site (21,22) and thereby prevents the deacylation reaction, inactivating the protease. Should this conformational change be interrupted, the protease can complete its cleavage of the serpin RCL, remaining active and leaving the serpin in a cleaved, inactive, loop-inserted state (23).PAI-1 is unique among serpins in that it readily autoinactivates into a so-called latent form, where the PAI-1 ...

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“…uPA was implicated in the development of several lung disorders, including acute lung injury (31,32), ARDS (33)(34)(35), pneumonia (36,37), pulmonary fibrosis (38,39), and asthma (40,41). The salutary effect of uPA in these settings is presumed to depend on its ability to lyse the fibrin clots that impair alveolar function (42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Regulates Pulmonary Arterial Contractility and Vascular Permeability in Mice

Nassar

Yarovoi

Fanne

et al. 2011

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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The concentration of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is elevated in pathological settings such as acute lung injury, where pulmonary arterial contractility and permeability are disrupted. uPA limits the accretion of fibrin after injury. Here we investigated whether uPA also regulates pulmonary arterial contractility and permeability. Contractility was measured using isolated pulmonary arterial rings. Pulmonary blood flow was measured in vivo by Doppler and pulmonary vascular permeability, according to the extravasation of Evans blue. Our data show that uPA regulates the in vitro pulmonary arterial contractility induced by phenylephrine in a dose-dependent manner through two receptor-dependent pathways, and regulates vascular contractility and permeability in vivo. Physiological concentrations of uPA (<1 nM) stimulate the contractility of pulmonary arterial rings induced by phenylephrine through the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein receptor. The procontractile effect of uPA is independent of its catalytic activity. At pathophysiological concentrations, uPA (20 nM) inhibits contractility and increases vascular permeability. The inhibition of vascular contractility and increase of vascular permeability is mediated through a two-step process that involves docking to N-methyl-Daspartate receptor-1 (NMDA-R1) on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells, and requires catalytic activity. Peptides that specifically inhibit the docking of uPA to NMDA-R, or the uPA variant with a mutated receptor docking site, abolished both the effects of uPA on vascular contractility and permeability, without affecting its catalytic activity. These data show that uPA, at concentrations found under pathological conditions, reduces pulmonary arterial contractility and increases permeability though the activation of NMDA-R1. The selective inhibition of NMDAR-1 activation by uPA can be accomplished without a loss of fibrinolytic activity.

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Coordinated induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and inhibition of plasminogen activator gene expression by hypoxia promotes pulmonary vascular fibrin deposition.

Cited by 180 publications

References 54 publications

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a major stress-regulated gene: Implications for stress-induced thrombosis in aged individuals

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a major stress-regulated gene: Implications for stress-induced thrombosis in aged individuals

Mechanistic characterization and crystal structure of a small molecule inactivator bound to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Regulates Pulmonary Arterial Contractility and Vascular Permeability in Mice

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