Coordinated Control of Air-Conditioning Loads for System Frequency Regulation

Jiang, Tingyu; Ju, Ping; Wang, Chong; Li, Hongyu; Liu, Jingzi

doi:10.1109/tsg.2020.3022010

Cited by 66 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In (2), fVF(s)≈1 and Yg11i(s) and Hp(s) are much smaller than Yg22i(s) and Hpll(s) because the influence of constant power loops on small-signal stability is not significant compared to that of the PLLs. That is, Yg11i(s)≈0 and Hp(s)≈0 in (2). Thus, when replacing Ii with Ii= Pi/Ui in Yg22i(s), i=1,…, n, (2) can be further written as CIG 22 0 0 ( ) 0 ( )…”

Section: ) Cig Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address the challenges of climate change, an increasing penetration level of renewable energy resources such as wind and solar are being integrated into the electric power grid through power electronic converters [1]. While the converterinterfaced generators (CIGs) supply clean energy to electricity customers, their integration has changed grid dynamics [2] [3] and caused new types of small-signal stability issues such as the emerging sub-/super-synchronous oscillations resulting from the fast-acting converter control and the power network [4]- [7]. The small-signal stability issues become prominent in weak grid conditions due to the growing replacement of traditional synchronous generators with CIGs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Generalized Operational Short-Circuit Ratio for Grid Strength Assessment in Renewable Power Systems under Non-Rated Operating Conditions

Liu¹,

Xin²,

Wu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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<p> The ever-increasing adoption of power electronic converters for renewable integration and energy-saving applications has weaken grid and caused new types of small-signal stability issues, such as sub-/super-synchronous oscillations, resulting from the interaction between the fast-acting converter control and the power network. It is challenging to analyze the small-signal stability issues by grid strength assessment due to the complex interaction between many converter-interfaced generators (CIGs) and the power network in a multi-CIG system (MCIGS). This complexity is further increased when considering different non-rated operating conditions of each CIG, such as their actual power injections and terminal voltages, which manifest the heterogeneity in the MCIGS. Moreover, in such a heterogeneous MCIGS, it is difficult to characterize the small-signal stability boundary under non-rated operating conditions. To address the challenges, this paper derives generalized operational short-circuit ratio (gOSCR) and critical gOSCR (i.e., CgOSCR) by the small-signal stability analysis in such a heterogeneous MCIGS. Based on gOSCR and CgOSCR, a method is proposed for grid strength assessment to identify the small-signal stability issues in such a heterogeneous MCIGS. This proposed method can be used when CIGs are modeled by either black-box or white-box modeling in a MCIGS under non-rated operating conditions. More importantly, the proposed method can also be used to assess grid strength in terms of the static voltage stability in a MCIGS under non-rated operating conditions, since the static voltage stability issue is a special case of the small-signal stability issue with focus on zero frequency band for converter controls. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated in the IEEE 39-bus system and a practical power system with a large-scale renewable integration. </p>

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Section: ) Cig Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Operational Short-Circuit Ratio for Grid Strength Assessment in Renewable Power Systems under Non-Rated Operating Conditions

Liu¹,

Xin²,

Wu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In order to further increase the revenue of BESSs, some research work has considered a battery to provide EA and frequency regulation (FR) services simultaneously [18], since FR is a significant income source for energy storage [19][20][21][22][23]. For FR, BESSs are used to regulate the frequency of the power grid by charging or discharging based on the regulation signals sent by the power grid operator [5,19,24,25]. A comprehensive evaluation for stacked revenue by using the grid-connected BESS was introduced to provide EA and FR services [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Optimizing Battery Storage for Energy Arbitrage and Frequency Regulation in Real-Time Markets Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Miao

Chen

et al. 2021

Energies

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Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) play a critical role in eliminating uncertainties associated with renewable energy generation, to maintain stability and improve flexibility of power networks. In this paper, a BESS is used to provide energy arbitrage (EA) and frequency regulation (FR) services simultaneously to maximize its total revenue within the physical constraints. The EA and FR actions are taken at different timescales. The multitimescale problem is formulated as two nested Markov decision process (MDP) submodels. The problem is a complex decision-making problem with enormous high-dimensional data and uncertainty (e.g., the price of the electricity). Therefore, a novel co-optimization scheme is proposed to handle the multitimescale problem, and also coordinate EA and FR services. A triplet deep deterministic policy gradient with exploration noise decay (TDD–ND) approach is used to obtain the optimal policy at each timescale. Simulations are conducted with real-time electricity prices and regulation signals data from the American PJM regulation market. The simulation results show that the proposed approach performs better than other studied policies in literature.

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“…The optimization problem of data center cooling system is formulated as an integer linear programming problem and solved using a heuristic algorithm in [26]. A new mathematical model is proposed in [27] to map the effect of ambient temperature to the aggregate demand response of a heterogeneous population of air conditionings. A coordinated control strategy is designed in [28] for inverter and fixed air conditioning to cool the residents while carrying out the frequency regulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Scheduling of Cooling and Power Combined Supply System for Tropical Renewable Microgrids

et al. 2021

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To satisfy the residential cooling demand in tropical large renewable microgrids (MGs), multiple ice-storage air conditionings (IACs) are usually used to supply cold energy. However, these IACs could not directly exchange the cold energy, which seriously limits the combined regulation effect. To address the problem, a novel cooling and power combined supply system (CPCSS) is proposed in this paper, where the trucks are used to distribute the ices among IACs. To evaluate the performance on the multi-time scales, a cooling and power combined supply model is established. On this basis, a two-stage (i.e., day-ahead and real-time stage) scheduling strategy is presented to minimize the MG operation cost. To speed up the solution, this scheduling model is first linearized as a classic mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISCP) problem, and then is solved by Lagrange solution method. Simulation studies on an IEEE 14-node system indicates that compared with the existing MG operation cost, the annual operational cost of the based-twotruck CPCSS could be reduced by 9868800 yuan (12.6%), while the network loss could be decreased from 5.4 to 3.9 MWh. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.INDEX TERMS Renewable microgrid, ice-storage air conditioning, multi-time scale, cooling and power combined supply system, Lagrange solution.

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Coordinated Control of Air-Conditioning Loads for System Frequency Regulation

Cited by 66 publications

References 45 publications

Generalized Operational Short-Circuit Ratio for Grid Strength Assessment in Renewable Power Systems under Non-Rated Operating Conditions

Generalized Operational Short-Circuit Ratio for Grid Strength Assessment in Renewable Power Systems under Non-Rated Operating Conditions

Co-Optimizing Battery Storage for Energy Arbitrage and Frequency Regulation in Real-Time Markets Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Optimal Scheduling of Cooling and Power Combined Supply System for Tropical Renewable Microgrids

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