Coordinate Regulation of the Nuclear and Plastidic Genes Coding for the Subunits of the Heteromeric Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase

Ke, Jinshan; Teng, Wen; Nikolau, Basil J.; Wurtele, Eve Syrkin

doi:10.1104/pp.122.4.1057

Cited by 105 publications

(102 citation statements)

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“…Overexpression of BCCP and BC genes proved that coordinated expression of ACCase subunits observed in wild type plants did not include mechanisms capable of adjusting subunits expression to the most abundant ones (Ke et al, 2000). Whereas plants with suppressed plastid ACCase activity clearly showed that seed oil content depends on malonyl-CoA availability in this organelle, the approach depending on one of plastid ACCase subunits overexpression was not able to increase the malonyl-CoA production in plastids.…”

Section: Accase -Essential Enzyme For Oil Production In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The differences between biotin carboxylase and BCCP phenotypes result, most probably, from posttranslational processing of BCCP. Whereas J. Podkowiński, A. Tworak 328 non-biotinylated BCCP molecules are inactive, the whole pool of BC, including transgene originated peptides, is composed of identical, functionally valid molecules.Overexpression of BCCP and BC genes proved that coordinated expression of ACCase subunits observed in wild type plants did not include mechanisms capable of adjusting subunits expression to the most abundant ones (Ke et al, 2000). Whereas plants with suppressed plastid ACCase activity clearly showed that seed oil content depends on malonyl-CoA availability in this organelle, the approach depending on one of plastid ACCase subunits overexpression was not able to increase the malonyl-CoA production in plastids.…”

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confidence: 96%

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OPINIONS Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase – an attractive enzyme for biotechnology

Podkowiński¹,

Tworak²

2011

bta

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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This reaction constitutes the first committed step of fatty acid synthesis in most organisms, while its product also serves as a universal precursor for various other high-value compounds. The important regulatory and rate-limiting role of acetyl-CoA carboxylase makes this enzyme a powerful tool in a variety of biotechnological and medical projects. This review presents the current knowledge on structural and functional features of the enzyme and focuses on its divergent applications. Different metabolic engineering attempts that lead to the production of various compounds, such as fatty acids, polyketides or flavonoids, are presented and their advantages and limitations discussed. The importance of studies on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity for design and development of new herbicides and antibiotics as well as for medical intervention is also highlighted. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase -enzyme architecture, biochemistry and its role in cell physiologyA variety of biotechnological projects targeted to modulate acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase activity in bacteria, plants and humans have been proposed and experimentally tested. Here, we would like to present a comprehensive review of these strategies together with a survey of the potential of acetyl-CoA carboxylase for biotechnology.Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC, E.C.6.4.1.2), recognized as an essential enzyme for all Eukaryotes and the majority of Bacteria, is responsible for carboxylation of acetyl-CoA that results in malonyl-coenzyme A formation (Fig. 1). Malonyl-CoA is a major building block for compounds such as fatty acids, polyketides and flavonoids -important components for cell growth, as well as for food, pharmaceuticals and energy production.The malonyl-CoA synthesis consists of two half-reactions (Nikolau et al., 2003). The first one, adenosine triphosphate-dependent carboxylation of biotin prosthetic group covalently bound to a module named biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP), is catalyzed by ACCase segment of biotin carboxylase activity (BC) (Fig. 2). This reaction is immediately followed by the second half-re action: the transfer of a carboxyl group from carboxylated biotin to acetyl-CoA, resulting in malonyl-CoA formation. Carboxyl transferase (CT) is a module that catalyzes the second reaction and provides the required specificity in recognition of the carboxyl acceptor (acetyl-CoA). The ACCase model usually presents BCCP, a module with covalently attached biotin, as a beam responsible for biotin dislocation between two active centers -one with BT and the other with CT activity. The three (Fig. 3). The prokaryotic and eukaryotic types of ACCases are evolutionary related and the phylogeny of the modules provides some hints about their cenancestor, a split between Archaea and Bacteria, and arising of Eukaryota (Lombard and Moreira, 2011).Phylogeny is out of scope of this manuscript, but acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylases from various organisms representing v...

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Section: Accase -Essential Enzyme For Oil Production In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

OPINIONS Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase – an attractive enzyme for biotechnology

Podkowiński¹,

Tworak²

2011

bta

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“…The dynamic changes in distribution of the ACL mRNAs probably reflect changes in the metabolic demands for cytosolic acetyl-CoA. The pattern of ACLA and ACLB accumulation is nearly indistinguishable from that of cytosolic ACCase mRNA, but is diverse from that of the plastidic ACCase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and acetyl-CoA synthetase mRNAs (Choi et al, 1995;Ke et al, 1997Ke et al, , 2000aKe et al, , 2000b. These results are consistent with the supposition that ACL generates a cytosolic pool of acetylCoA, which can be carboxylated by the cytosolic ACCase to form malonyl-CoA in the cytosol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other materials collected included leaves between one-third and two-thirds of the final size from 17-d-old plants ("expanding leaves"), flower buds staged according to Bowman (1994), siliques at different stages of development (Ke et al, 2000a(Ke et al, , 2000b, and inflorescence stems of 4-week-old plants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Characterization of a Heteromeric ATP-Citrate Lyase That Generates Cytosolic Acetyl-Coenzyme A in Arabidopsis,

Fatland¹,

Ke²,

Anderson³

et al. 2002

Plant Physiology

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194

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Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is used in the cytosol of plant cells for the synthesis of a diverse set of phytochemicals including waxes, isoprenoids, stilbenes, and flavonoids. The source of cytosolic acetyl-CoA is unclear. We identified two Arabidopsis cDNAs that encode proteins similar to the amino and carboxy portions of human ATP-citrate lyase (ACL). Coexpression of these cDNAs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) confers ACL activity, indicating that both the Arabidopsis genes are required for ACL activity. Arabidopsis ACL is a heteromeric enzyme composed of two distinct subunits, ACLA (45 kD) and ACLB (65 kD). The holoprotein has a molecular mass of 500 kD, which corresponds to a heterooctomer with an A 4 B 4 configuration. ACL activity and the ACLA and ACLB polypeptides are located in the cytosol, consistent with the lack of targeting peptides in the ACLA and ACLB sequences. In the Arabidopsis genome, three genes encode for the ACLA subunit (ACLA-1, At1g10670; ACLA-2, At1g60810; and ACLA-3, At1g09430), and two genes encode the ACLB subunit (ACLB-1, At3g06650 and ACLB-2, At5g49460). The ACLA and ACLB mRNAs accumulate in coordinated spatial and temporal patterns during plant development. This complex accumulation pattern is consistent with the predicted physiological needs for cytosolic acetyl-CoA, and is closely coordinated with the accumulation pattern of cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme using cytosolic acetyl-CoA as a substrate. Taken together, these results indicate that ACL, encoded by the ACLA and ACLB genes of Arabidopsis, generates cytosolic acetyl-CoA. The heteromeric organization of this enzyme is common to green plants (including Chlorophyceae, Marchantimorpha, Bryopsida, Pinaceae, monocotyledons, and eudicots), species of fungi, Glaucophytes, Chlamydomonas, and prokaryotes. In contrast, all known animal ACL enzymes have a homomeric structure, indicating that a evolutionary fusion of the ACLA and ACLB genes probably occurred early in the evolutionary history of this kingdom.Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is an intermediate metabolite that is juxtaposed between catabolic and anabolic processes. As the entry point for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, acetyl-CoA can be considered the gateway in the oxidation of carbon derived from the catabolism of fatty acids, certain amino acids (e.g. Leu, Ile, Lys, and Trp), and carbohydrates. Furthermore, acetyl-CoA is the intermediate precursor for the biosynthesis of a wide variety of phytochemicals. Because membranes are impermeable to CoA derivatives, it can be inferred that acetyl-CoA is generated in at least four distinct metabolic pools representing the four subcellular compartments where acetyl-CoA metabolism occurs: plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the cytosol (Fig. 1). Therefore, plants should have distinct acetyl-CoA-generating systems in mitochondria (for the TCA cycle), in plastids (for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis), in peroxisomes (the product of ␤-oxidation of fatty acids), and in the cytosol (for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, flavo...

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Lipid Metabolism

Schmid

2004

Handbook of Plant Biotechnology

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Lipids are an immensely diverse group of compounds, technically including all biomolecules that dissolve more readily in non‐polar solvents than in water. This review will emphasisze two prominent groups of lipids: the acyl lipids, whose hydrophobic units are derived from fatty acids, and the isoprenoids, made up of five‐carbon isopentene units. Acyl lipids, in the form of the triacylglycerols stored as energy reserves, underpin the vegetable oil industry. In addition, acyl lipids that dominate the bilayers of plant membranes, are indispensable for the protective layers that prevent plant desiccation and pathogen attack, and include several signalling molecules. Isoprenoids are even more diverse than acyl lipids, with more than 25,000known. Two prominent groups are the sterols, which are important membrane constituents, and the carotenoids, which collect light for photosynthesis, protect plants from excessive light, attract pollinators and fruit dispersal agents, and provide vitamin A precursors for consumers. Biotechnology has provided both a tool for understanding plant lipid metabolism, and a means of altering quality and quantity of these constituents to better serve the needs of industry and human nutrition better.

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Coordinate Regulation of the Nuclear and Plastidic Genes Coding for the Subunits of the Heteromeric Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase

Cited by 105 publications

References 85 publications

OPINIONS Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase – an attractive enzyme for biotechnology

OPINIONS Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase – an attractive enzyme for biotechnology

Molecular Characterization of a Heteromeric ATP-Citrate Lyase That Generates Cytosolic Acetyl-Coenzyme A in Arabidopsis,

Lipid Metabolism

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