Coordinate genetic control of yeast fatty acid synthase genes FAS1 and FAS2 by an upstream activation site common to genes involved in membrane lipid biosynthesis.

Schüller, Hans‐Joachim; Hahn, Anelise Torres; Tröster, F; Schütz, A; Schweizer, Eckhart

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05033.x

Cited by 126 publications

(133 citation statements)

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“…First, a coordinate induction of the enzymes of the fatty acid synthetic pathway occurred, presumably to compensate for the lauric acid lost through ␤ -oxidation or the shortage of long-chain fatty acids in these seeds. This suggests that the genes for the entire fatty acid synthesis pathway may be subject to a system of global regulation similar to that for lipid biosynthesis genes of yeast (Chirala, 1992;Schuller et al, 1992). Second, these results indicate that although oilseed rape seeds are relatively high in oil content ( ‫ف‬ 40%), the expression of the fatty acid synthesis enzymes is not at a maximum and can be induced a further two-to threefold over the levels found at midstage of seed development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Expression of Lauroyl–Acyl Carrier Protein Thioesterase in Brassica napus Seeds Induces Pathways for Both Fatty Acid Oxidation and Biosynthesis and Implies a Set Point for Triacylglycerol Accumulation

1998

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Expression of a California bay lauroyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase (MCTE) in developing seeds of transgenic oilseed rape alters the fatty acid composition of the mature seed, resulting in up to 60 mol% of laurate in triacylglycerols. In this study, we examined the metabolism of lauric acid and 14 C-acetate in developing seeds of oilseed rape that express high levels of MCTE. Lauroyl-CoA oxidase activity but not palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity was increased several-fold in developing seeds expressing MCTE. In addition, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase activities were sixand 30-fold higher, respectively, in high-laurate developing seeds. Control seeds incorporated 14 C-acetate almost entirely into fatty acids, whereas in seeds expressing MCTE, only 50% of the label was recovered in lipids and the remainder was in a range of water-soluble components, including sucrose and malate. Together, these results indicate that the pathways for ␤ -oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle have been induced in seeds expressing high levels of MCTE. Although a substantial portion of the fatty acid produced in these seeds is recycled to acetyl-CoA and sucrose through the ␤ -oxidation and glyoxylate cycle pathways, total seed oil is not reduced. How is oil content maintained if lauric acid is inefficiently converted to triacylglycerol? The levels of acyl carrier protein and several enzymes of fatty acid synthesis were increased two-to threefold at midstage development in high-laurate seeds. These results indicate that a coordinate induction of the fatty acid synthesis pathway occurs, presumably to compensate for the lauric acid lost through ␤ -oxidation or for a shortage of long-chain fatty acids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Expression of Lauroyl–Acyl Carrier Protein Thioesterase in Brassica napus Seeds Induces Pathways for Both Fatty Acid Oxidation and Biosynthesis and Implies a Set Point for Triacylglycerol Accumulation

1998

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“…The regulatory responses to inositol and choline are established by specific regulatory regions, conventionally referred to as upstream activation sequence, and localized in their upstream region (47,48). Surprisingly, the expression of methionine relative genes, such as MET6, MET17, SAM1, and SAM2, were also induced by Me 2 SO exposure and together the genes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis (Fig.…”

Section: Me 2 So Concentration and Duration Of Exposure-s Cerevisiaementioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Exposure Facilitates Phospholipid Biosynthesis and Cellular Membrane Proliferation in Yeast Cells

Murata¹,

Watanabe²,

Sato³

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Me 2 SO is a polar solvent that is widely used in biochemistry, pharmacology, and industry. Although there are several reports in the literature concerning the biological effects of Me 2 SO, the total cellular response remains unclear. In this paper, DNA microarray technology combined with the hierarchical clustering bioinformatics tool was used to assess the effects of Me 2 SO on yeast cells. We found that yeast exposed to Me 2 SO increased phospholipid biosynthesis through up-regulated gene expression. It was confirmed by Northern blotting that the level of INO1 and OPI3 gene transcripts, encoding key enzymes in phospholipid biosynthesis, were significantly elevated following treatment with Me 2 SO. Furthermore, the phospholipid content of the cells increased during exposure to Me 2 SO as shown by conspicuous incorporation of a lipophilic fluorescent dye (3,3 -dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide) into the cell membranes. From these results we propose that Me 2 SO treatment induces membrane proliferation in yeast cells to alleviate the adverse affects of this chemical on membrane integrity.Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO) 1 is widely used as a solvent in the chemical industry and as a cryoprotectant in biotechnology. It is present in the environment as a waste product of the paper industry and from the production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and also arises from the degradation of sulfur-containing pesticides (1). In addition, Me 2 SO forms naturally from photooxidation of DMS in the atmosphere and from degradation of DMS by phytoplankton in the marine environment (2). Because Me 2 SO has low volatility and is highly hygroscopic, it is rapidly scavenged from the atmosphere by rain and returned to earth, and thereby plays a role in the global sulfur cycle (1, 3).Microorganisms, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, have the capability of reducing Me 2 SO and can utilize it as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic growth (4 -6). Me 2 SO reductase from Escherichia coli and Rhodobacter sphaeroides catalyzes the reduction of Me 2 SO to DMS (7-9). This enzyme, which contains a molybdenum cofactor at the active center, is well characterized at the biochemical, biophysical, and molecular level and provides an excellent model system for investigating the structure and mechanism of electron transfer chain complexes (1, 10). Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a number of NADPH-dependent enzymes that, in conjunction with methionine sulfoxide reductase (MXR1), can reduce Me 2 SO to DMS (11).In E. coli, the combination of divalent cations as Ca 2ϩ and Me 2 SO has been shown to stimulate the efficiency of DNA transfer into the cell (12). In the case of mammalian cells, it is reported that the transfection efficiency is increased by Me 2 SO treatment after electroporation (13). The exact mechanism of how Me 2 SO increases membrane permeability leading to DNA uptake is unclear.In mammalian cells Me 2 SO (2% (v/v)) can induce morphological changes, for example in mouse erythroleukemic cells (14), or cause differentiation, for example ...

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“…All of the above genes have been shown to contain an active UAS INO element in their promoters, suggesting that the additive repressive effect of choline in the presence of inositol might be specific to this particular set of genes. For this reason the UAS INO sequence has been referred to as the inositol/choline-responsive element (ICRE) (19). One prediction from the aforementioned studies is that the combination of inositol and choline might have a general repressive effect on the entire set of genes affected by inositol alone.…”

Section: Global Analysis Of Inositol and Choline On Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address this possibility, the combined effects of inositol and choline on genome wide expression were determined by comparing the relative mRNA transcript levels from cells grown in the presence of inositol and choline to transcript levels from cells grown in the absence of inositol and choline (Table I, experiment 3). These are conditions that have typically been used to measure the effect of phospholipid precursors on gene expression (16,19,37,52). The genes identified in experiment 3 were subsequently compared with the set of genes regulated by inositol alone (Table I, experiment 1).…”

Section: Global Analysis Of Inositol and Choline On Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide Analysis Reveals Inositol, Not Choline, as the Major Effector of Ino2p-Ino4p and Unfolded Protein Response Target Gene Expression in Yeast

Jesch

Zhao

Wells

et al. 2005

Journal of Biological Chemistry

116

194

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In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcription of many genes encoding enzymes of phospholipid biosynthesis are repressed in cells grown in the presence of the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline. A genome-wide approach using cDNA microarray technology was used to profile the changes in the expression of all genes in yeast that respond to the exogenous presence of inositol and choline. We report that the global response to inositol is completely distinct from the effect of choline. Whereas the effect of inositol on gene expression was primarily repressing, the effect of choline on gene expression was activating. Moreover, the combination of inositol and choline increased the number of repressed genes compared with inositol alone and enhanced the repression levels of a subset of genes that responded to inositol. In all, 110 genes were repressed in the presence of inositol and choline. Two distinct sets of genes exhibited differential expression in response to inositol or the combination of inositol and choline in wild-type cells. One set of genes contained the UAS INO sequence and were bound by Ino2p and Ino4p. Many of these genes were also negatively regulated by OPI1, suggesting a common regulatory mechanism for Ino2p, Ino4p, and Opi1p. Another nonoverlapping set of genes was coregulated by the unfolded protein response pathway, an ER-localized stress response pathway, but was not dependent on OPI1 and did not show further repression when choline was present together with inositol. These results suggest that inositol is the major effector of target gene expression, whereas choline plays a minor role.Phospholipids are the key structural elements of membranebounded organelles and play important roles in signaling and membrane trafficking pathways. Each membrane compartment is composed of a unique set of phospholipids whose biophysical properties contribute to the function of each organelle. Phospholipid metabolism is highly regulated by the cell, ensuring the biogenesis and growth of membranes by coordinating the relative rates of synthesis of individual phospholipids with numerous factors, such as the availability of exogenous supplies of phospholipid precursors, growth stage, and membrane trafficking (1, 2).

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Coordinate genetic control of yeast fatty acid synthase genes FAS1 and FAS2 by an upstream activation site common to genes involved in membrane lipid biosynthesis.

Cited by 126 publications

References 61 publications

Expression of Lauroyl–Acyl Carrier Protein Thioesterase in Brassica napus Seeds Induces Pathways for Both Fatty Acid Oxidation and Biosynthesis and Implies a Set Point for Triacylglycerol Accumulation

Expression of Lauroyl–Acyl Carrier Protein Thioesterase in Brassica napus Seeds Induces Pathways for Both Fatty Acid Oxidation and Biosynthesis and Implies a Set Point for Triacylglycerol Accumulation

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Exposure Facilitates Phospholipid Biosynthesis and Cellular Membrane Proliferation in Yeast Cells

Genome-wide Analysis Reveals Inositol, Not Choline, as the Major Effector of Ino2p-Ino4p and Unfolded Protein Response Target Gene Expression in Yeast

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