Cooperation between Noncanonical Ras Network Mutations in Cancer

Abstract

Cancer develops after the acquisition of a collection of mutations that together create the ‘cancer phenotype’. How collections of mutations work together within a cell, and whether there is selection for certain combinations of mutations, are not well understood. Using a Ras signaling network mathematical model we tested potential synergistic combinations within the Ras network. Intriguingly, our modeling, including a “computational random mutagenesis” approach, and subsequent experiments revealed that mutations of the tumor suppressor gene NF1 can amplify the effects of mutations in multiple other components of the Ras pathway, including weakly activating, noncanonical, Ras mutants. Since conventional wisdom holds that mutations within the same pathway do not co-occur, it was surprising that modeling and experiments both suggested a functional benefit for co-occurring Ras pathway mutations. Furthermore, we analyzed >3900 sequenced cancer specimens from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and we uncovered an increased rate of co-occurrence between mutations the model predicted could display synergy. Overall, these data suggest that selective combinations of Ras pathway mutations could serve the role of cancer “driver”. More generally, this work presents a mechanism by which the context created by one mutation influences the evolutionary trajectories of cancer development, and this work suggests that mutations that result in “network instability” may promote cancer in a manner analogous to genomic instability.

Riego después de Riego: la pervivencia póstuma de un mito heroico liberal en España, Reino Unido, Francia y Rusia (1823-1880)

“…El Gobierno británico también fue criticado por el London Spanish Committee por no haber apoyado a España 88 . El Times de Londres publicó una referencia a la hoja de duelo, así como un artículo contra los déspotas de Europa que habían acabado con su vida 89 .…”