“…Up to now, a series of control strategies, such as conventional PID control, fuzzy logic control, and neural network control, have been designed and evaluated to track a prescribed time-varying temperature profile [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] ]. A pulse width modulation-based control technique was adopted to electrically manage energy consumption of a thermoelectric module over time [ 15 , 16 ]. However, optimization of the cooling/heating performance of the thermoelectric modules has not been taken into consideration.…”