Cool water geyser travertine: Crystal Geyser, Utah, <scp>USA</scp>

Barth, Jennifer; Chafetz, Henry S.

doi:10.1111/sed.12158

Cited by 16 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…5B; Chafetz and Guidry, 2003;Turner and Jones, 2005;Rainey and Jones, 2007;Jones and Renaut, 2008;Arp et al, 2013b); columnar, acicular, gothic arch or bladed crystals forming isopachous calcite (Fig. 5C, D) and fibrous aragonite, void lining cements (Chafetz et al, 1994;Arp et al, 1998;Claes et al, 2015), radial splays (Barth and Chafetz, 2015), anhedral, calcite-micrite banded crusts, mosaic cements and overgrowths (Fig. 5E) (Rainey and Jones, 2007;Jones and Renaut, 2008;Gandin and Capezzuoli, 2014;Claes et al, 2015).…”

Section: Cementation and Cementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What do we really know about early diagenesis of non-marine carbonates?

Boever

Brasier

Foubert

et al. 2017

Sedimentary Geology

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Non-marine carbonate rocks including cave, spring, stream, calcrete and lacustrine-palustrine sediments, are susceptible to early diagenetic processes. These can profoundly alter the carbonate fabric and affect paleoclimatic proxies. This review integrates recent insights into diagenesis of non-marine carbonates and in particular the variety of early diagenetic processes, and presents a conceptual framework to address them. With ability to study at smaller and smaller scales, down to nanometers, one can now observe diagenesis taking place the moment initial precipitates have formed, and continuing thereafter. Diagenesis may affect whole rocks, but it typically starts in nano-and micro-environments. The potential for diagenetic alteration depends on the reactivity of the initial precipitate, commonly being metastable phases like vaterite, Ca-oxalates, hydrous Mg-carbonates and aragonite with regard to the ambient fluid. Furthermore, organic compounds commonly play a crucial role in hosting these early transformations. Processes like neomorphism (inversion and recrystallization), cementation and replacement generally result in an overall coarsening of the fabric and homogenization of the wide range of complex, primary microtextures. If early diagenetic modifications are completed in a short time span compared to the (annual to millennial) time scale of interest, then recorded paleoenvironmental signals and trends could still acceptably reflect original, depositional conditions. However, even compact, non-marine carbonate deposits may behave locally and temporarily as open systems to crystal-fluid exchange and overprinting of one or more geochemical proxies is not unexpected. Looking to the future, relatively few studies have examined the behaviour of promising geochemical records, such as clumped isotope thermometry and (non-conventional) stable isotopes, in well-constrained diagenetic settings. Ongoing and future in-vitro and in-situ experimental approaches will help to investigate and detangle sequences of intermediate, diagenetic products, processes and controls, and to quantify rates of early diagenesis, bridging a gap between nanoscale, molecular lab studies and the fossil field rock record of non-marine carbonates.

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Section: Cementation and Cementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What do we really know about early diagenesis of non-marine carbonates?

Boever

Brasier

Foubert

et al. 2017

Sedimentary Geology

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“…Seeps occur in clusters on the seafloor rather than being randomly distributed, so individual seeps that occur near one another were collected into Seep Clusters. The scale of Seep Clusters is conditionally defined to lie between >5 m and <10 s to 100 s of meters based on observations of cold seeps on land (Gouveia and Friedmann, 2006;Barth and Chafetz, 2015) and includes multiple backscatter pixels. The boundary of a seep cluster occurs at a transition from a higher to lower seafloor backscatter value.…”

Section: Ship-based Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a Ladder of Seeps With Computer Decision Processes to Explore for and Evaluate Cold Seeps on the Costa Rica Active Margin

et al. 2021

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Natural seeps occur at the seafloor as loci of fluid flow where the flux of chemical compounds into the ocean supports unique biologic communities and provides access to proxy samples of deep subsurface processes. Cold seeps accomplish this with minimal heat flux. While individual expertize is applied to locate seeps, such knowledge is nowhere consolidated in the literature, nor are there explicit approaches for identifying specific seep types to address discrete scientific questions. Moreover, autonomous exploration for seeps lacks any clear framework for efficient seep identification and classification. To address these shortcomings, we developed a Ladder of Seeps applied within new decision-assistance algorithms (Spock) to assist in seep exploration on the Costa Rica margin during the R/V Falkor 181210 cruise in December, 2018. This Ladder of Seeps [derived from analogous astrobiology criteria proposed by Neveu et al. (2018)] was used to help guide human and computer decision processes for ROV mission planning. The Ladder of Seeps provides a methodical query structure to identify what information is required to confirm a seep either: 1) supports seafloor life under extreme conditions, 2) supports that community with active seepage (possible fluid sample), or 3) taps fluids that reflect deep, subsurface geologic processes, but the top rung may be modified to address other scientific questions. Moreover, this framework allows us to identify higher likelihood seep targets based on existing incomplete or easily acquired data, including MBES (Multi-beam echo sounder) water column data. The Ladder of Seeps framework is based on information about the instruments used to collect seep information (e.g., are seeps detectable by the instrument with little chance of false positives?) and contextual criteria about the environment in which the data are collected (e.g., temporal variability of seep flux). Finally, the assembled data are considered in light of a Last-Resort interpretation, which is only satisfied once all other plausible data interpretations are excluded by observation. When coupled with decision-making algorithms that incorporate expert opinion with data acquired during the Costa Rica experiment, the Ladder of Seeps proved useful for identifying seeps with deep-sourced fluids, as evidenced by results of geochemistry analyses performed following the expedition.

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“…Along their flow path, the waters deposit terraced travertines which form a gently sloping mound with a lateral extent of ~85 m (Barth & Chafetz, 2015). The travertines are bright red in color directly around the vent of the geyser and become orange and yellow more distally.…”

Section: Background Setting: Crystal Geysermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1A,G). Green mats, likely corresponding to algae and cyanobacteria (Takashima et al, 2011b;Barth & Chafetz, 2015), cover the central portion of the travertines in the warm season (Fig.…”

Section: Background Setting: Crystal Geysermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The modern travertine (deposited since the drilling of the oil well bore in 1935) is estimated to be ~1 m (Burnside et al, 2013) to several meters (Barth & Chafetz, 2015) thick, corresponding to sedimentation rates of more than one to several centimeters per year. Fast carbonate precipitation at Crystal Geyser is also evidenced by the presence of recently encrusted plants and objects across the field site (Figs.…”

Section: S1ab)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbonate polymorphism controlled by microbial iron redox dynamics at a natural CO2 leakage site (Crystal Geyser, Utah)

Cosmidis¹,

O’Reilly²,

Ellison³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Crystal Geyser (Utah, USA) is a CO2-rich low-temperature geyser that is studied as a natural analog for CO2 leakage from carbon capture and storage (CCS) sites. In order to better constrain the biogeochemical processes influencing CaCO3 precipitation at geological CO2 escape sites, we characterized fast-forming iron-rich calcium carbonate pisoids and travertines precipitating from the fluids expelled by the geyser. The pisoids, located within a few meters from the vent, are composed of concentric layers of aragonite and calcite. Calcite layers contain abundant ferrihydrite shrubs in which iron is encasing bacterial forms. The aragonite layers contain less abundant and finely dispersed iron, present either as iron-oxide microspherules or iron adsorbed to organic matter dispersed within the carbonate matrix. We propose that carbonate polymorphism in the pisoids is mostly controlled by local fluctuations of the iron redox state of the fluids from which they form, caused by episodic blooms of iron-oxidizing bacteria. Indeed, the waters expelled by Crystal Geyser contain >200 µM dissolved iron (Fe2+), a known inhibitor of calcite growth. The calcite layers of the pisoids may record episodes of intense microbial iron oxidation, consistent with observations of iron-oxide rich biofilms thriving in the rimstone pools around the geyser and previous metagenomic analyses showing abundant neutrophilic, microaerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in vent water. In turn, aragonite layers of the pisoids likely precipitate from Fe2+-rich waters, registering periods of less intense iron oxidation. Separately, CaCO3 polymorphism in the travertines, where calcite and aragonite precipitate concurrently, is not controlled by iron dynamics, but may be locally influenced by the presence of microbial biofilms. This study documents for the first time an influence of microbial iron oxidation on CaCO3 polymorphism in the environment, and informs our understanding of carbonate formation at CO2 leakage sites and in CCS contexts.

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Cool water geyser travertine: Crystal Geyser, Utah, USA

Cited by 16 publications

References 53 publications

What do we really know about early diagenesis of non-marine carbonates?

What do we really know about early diagenesis of non-marine carbonates?

Using a Ladder of Seeps With Computer Decision Processes to Explore for and Evaluate Cold Seeps on the Costa Rica Active Margin

Carbonate polymorphism controlled by microbial iron redox dynamics at a natural CO2 leakage site (Crystal Geyser, Utah)

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