Cooking habits and food choices of individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus during the pandemic of COVID-19

Abstract

Objective To verify the association between cooking habits, socioeconomic data, and food choices of individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus during the pandemic of COVID-19. Methods Transversal study with individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus carried out in July 2020. Socioeconomic data and information about social distancing and food practices were collected with an online form. The research was approved by the university’s Ethics and Research Committee (Process number 4.147.663). Results Out of the 472 participants, 50.9% reported that they have been cooking more during the pandemic. An association between cooking more and having a university degree (p<0.000) was observed. Not being able to comply with social distancing rules because of work necessities was associated with not cooking (p=0.006). Cooking more during the quarantine was associated with eating less than five meals per day (p=0.04), having an appropriate consumption of fruits (p=0.02) and vegetables (p=0.04), and increased water intake (p=0.01). Conclusion In Brazil, the habit of cooking during the pandemic may represent an increase in domestic work, reinforced by social inequalities. Therefore, comprehending the cooking habits and food choices of people with diabetes may widen the perspectives of health professionals involved in the treatment of the disease and contribute to the elaboration of public policies that take the country's inequalities into account. We emphasize the importance of investing in policies that encourage the development of culinary skills, as well as the habit of cooking as part of the actions of Food and Nutrition Education.

How did lockdown and social distancing policies change the eating habits of diabetic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic? A systematic review

“…A summary of the 22 studies eligible for review is presented in Table 1. Of the 22 studies, thirteen (59%) were cross-sectional (Ghosh et al, 2020;Khader et al, 2020;Munekawa et al, 2020;Olickal et al, 2020;Sankar et al, 2020;Carvalhal et al, 2021;Kishimoto et al, 2021;Sisman et al, 2021;Tanaka et al, 2021;Tiwari et al, 2021;Verma et al, 2021;Maruo et al, 2022;Takahara et al, 2022), and nine (41%) were cohort (Capaldo et al, 2020;Grabia et al, 2020;Jindal, 2020, 2021;Ruiz-Roso et al, 2020;Amataiti et al, 2021;Caruso et al, 2021;Hansel et al, 2021;Vetrani et al, 2021). All studies were published between 2020 and 2021.…”

“…All studies were published between 2020 and 2021. The studies were investigated in the different continents such as Europe (Spain = 1, Poland = 1, Italy = 3, France = 1) (Capaldo et al, 2020;Grabia et al, 2020;Ruiz-Roso et al, 2020;Caruso et al, 2021;Hansel et al, 2021;Vetrani et al, 2021), America (Brazil = 1) (Carvalhal et al, 2021), Asia (India = 8, Japan = 5, Turkey = 1) (Liberati et al, 2009;Wells et al, 2014; Capaldo et al, 2020;Grabia et al, 2020;Khare and Jindal, 2020;Moskalewicz and Oremus, 2020;Palmer et al, 2020;Amataiti et al, 2021;Campbell and Wood, 2021;Caruso et al, 2021;Carvalhal et al, 2021;Hansel et al, 2021;Kishimoto et al, 2021;Verma et al, 2021;Vetrani et al, 2021) and one from New Zealand (Amataiti et al, 2021). The total number of diabetic patients for this systematic review was 13,381.…”

“…The total number of diabetic patients for this systematic review was 13,381. Six studies were performed on both types of diabetes (Grabia et al, 2020;Hansel et al, 2021;Kishimoto et al, 2021;Sisman et al, 2021;Maruo et al, 2022;Takahara et al, 2022), and nine studies on type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Ghosh et al, 2020;Jindal, 2020, 2021;Munekawa et al, 2020;Olickal et al, 2020;Ruiz-Roso et al, 2020;Sankar et al, 2020;Tiwari et al, 2021;Verma et al, 2021), four studies on type1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (Capaldo et al, 2020;Caruso et al, 2021;Carvalhal et al, 2021;Vetrani et al, 2021), and three studies were conducted on any types of diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (Khader et al, 2020;Amataiti et al, 2021;Tanaka et al, 2021). Due to the restrictions and limitations of the pandemic, most studies used online or phone questionnaires as assessment tools.…”

“…Table 2 presents the changes in the eating habits of diabetic patients during the COVID-19 lockdown and social distancing. Six of the twenty-two studies reported changes in the number of meals per day, of which four studies reported an increase in the number of meals (Grabia et al, 2020;Khare and Jindal, 2020;Amataiti et al, 2021;Carvalhal et al, 2021) and two studies reported the same number before the lockdown period (Caruso et al, 2021;Khare and Jindal, 2021). For example, in the study of Grabia et al (2020) and Carvalhal et al (2021), most participants had five or more meals per day.…”

“…Six of the twenty-two studies reported changes in the number of meals per day, of which four studies reported an increase in the number of meals (Grabia et al, 2020;Khare and Jindal, 2020;Amataiti et al, 2021;Carvalhal et al, 2021) and two studies reported the same number before the lockdown period (Caruso et al, 2021;Khare and Jindal, 2021). For example, in the study of Grabia et al (2020) and Carvalhal et al (2021), most participants had five or more meals per day. On the other hand, in the study of Caruso et al, 2021, 72.91% of the participants had the same number of meals as before (Grabia et al, 2020;Caruso et al, 2021;Carvalhal et al, 2021).…”