Converting Cyclohexanone to Liquid Fuel-Grade Products: A Characterization and Comparison Study of Hydrotreating Molybdenum Catalysts

Abstract

Developing biomass-based strategies for liquid bio-fuels production is promising for the reduction of the aftereffects of fossil fuels. The conversion of lignin-derived intermediates such as cyclohexanone is currently of a great deal of interest. The current study aims to evaluate the molybdenum-based hydrotreating catalysts for the conversion of cyclohexanone in the presence of hydrogen. Catalytic experiments at 400 °C, 15 bar, and a range of WHSV were developed. The experiments reveal that catalyst type and reaction WHSV affect the cyclohexanone conversion, product distribution, deoxygenation efficiency, total hydrocarbon production capacity, and heating value of the product blend. The main products include C 6 cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenates. Cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, cyclohexanol, and phenol are major products. Small quantities of methylcyclopentane and bicyclic hydrocarbons and oxygenates are also reported in some cases. Increasing WHSV reduced the cyclohexanone conversion. Cyclohexanone conversions up to 89% were observed at the lowest WHSVs over a cobalt-molybdenum sample. The highest hydrocarbon production capacity (99.53%) was managed at WHSV = 5.240 g cyclohexanone /g cat h over a cobalt-molybdenum sample, while the highest deoxygenation efficiency, i.e. 81.29% degree of deoxygenation and 5.35 C/O ratio enhancement were achieved at WHSV = 0.262 g cyclohexanone /g cat h by a nickel-molybdenum sample. The heating values would be enhanced by up to 22.7% when cyclohexanone is converted over the utilized catalysts. The larger heating value (44.90 MJ/kg, 22.7% enhancement) was obtained over a nickel-molybdenum catalyst, which is comparable to the energy density of the conventional fuels. The results reveal that the catalysts are efficient in the conversion of cyclohexanone to liquid bio-fuels.

Biohydrogen Production from Waste Materials: Mini-review

“…For a better understanding, the pyrolysis process for hydrogen production is presented in the form of a diagram by the authors of (Bakhtyari et al, 2021).…”

High-Density Jet-Fuel Hydrocarbons from Biomass-derived Cyclic Ketones via Vapor Phase Hydrodeoxygenation over Ru-Ni2P/Al (10)-KIT-6

“…Dicyclohexyl methane was obtained from the above-mentioned feedstocks using Pd/C-HZSM-5, Ru@SILP (Ph 3 -p-NTf 2 ), Pd loaded (C, Al 2 O 3 , BETA, ZSM-5, MCM-41), Pt (111), Ru/Al 2 O 3 -zeolite (HY), SAA-57/Ru-CSA, and MMT-KSF/K-10 catalysts. − Hydrodeoxygenation of 2-benzyl-4-ethyl phenol and alkylation of phenol with dibenzyl ether have been reported using an HZSM-5 + Pd/C catalyst system for DCM conversion . Mesoporous silica COK-12, Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 /SiO 2 , CoMoOx/Al 2 O 3 and CoMoSx/Al 2 O 3 , Fe-Co/Ni 2 P, alumina supported CoMo and NiMo catalysts, Ru nanoparticles on SiO 2 , Pt/C, Ru/HZSM-5 and Hβ/Pd-C catalysts have also been reported to convert the above starting materials to bi-cyclohexane. − Cecilia and co-workers reported on the role of phosphorous in the removal of oxygen from dibenzofuran using Ni 2 P catalysts . Nagai et al reported Mo-supported Al 2 O 3 catalysts employed for carbazole hydrodenitrogenation .…”

“…The possible outcome of di-cyclohexyl methane (DCM), − bi-cyclohexane (BCH), and decalin (DC) can be synthesized from different feedstocks such as 2-benzyl phenol, diphenyl ketone, , di-phenyl methane, 2-benzyl 4-ethyl phenol or 3-benzyl 4-ethyl phenol, benzofuran, benzyl phenyl ether, phenol with dibenzyl ether, and phenol with benzyl acetate for DCM; dibenzofuran, , dibenzothiophene, carbazole, cyclohexanone, biphenyl, 5,5′-biphenol, and phenol for BCH; − and α-tetralone, tetralin, , naphthalene, − α-naphthol, , and cyclopentanone for DC. The aforementioned feedstocks have been converted to jet-fuel range hydrocarbons through vapor phase and liquid phase catalytic reactions with various types of metal-containing catalysts.…”