Conversions of ?-methylstyrene on aluminosilicate at cracking temperatures

Polovor, Yu.N.; Kaminskaya, Ye.G.; Vykhrestyuk, N. I.; Tkachenko, D.A.

doi:10.1016/0031-6458(77)90050-8

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The presence of AMS in the control systems B + AMS and K + AMS resulted in a slightly higher amount of formed gas compared to the systems in the absence of AMS. The main gases expected from the AMS conversion are hydrogen, ethylene, propylene, and C 1 –C 4 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Hydrothermal Treatment of Oilsands Bitumen Froth at 400 °C: Influence of Minerals and Water on Hydrogen Transfer, Cracking, and Addition Reactions

Bassane,

de Klerk

2024

Energy Fuels

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Following prior evidence that water and mineral solids influenced the physicochemical properties of the products derived from the visbreaking of bitumen froth at 400 °C, the present study aimed to explore the effect of water and minerals on the reaction chemistry taking place during the thermal conversion of froth. The current study investigated the relative impact of water and mineral solids on hydrogen transfer, cracking, and addition reactions during the thermal treatment of froth at 400 °C. α-Methylstyrene (AMS) was employed as a probe molecule, and selected chemical species identified in the feed and thermally converted products were monitored. Water had a major effect on suppressing the conversion of AMS, whereas the hindrance of AMS conversion by mineral solids seemed to be minor. Substantial evidence of hydrogen and methyl transfer, hydration, and addition reactions was observed through the formation of specific AMS-derived products. The potential free radical and cationic pathways for the conversion of AMS were evaluated based on the product composition of the different reaction systems. There was an indication that the availability of hydrogen donors also influenced the conversion pathways of AMS. Both water and mineral solids favored the extent of hydrogen transfer during the treatment. However, their specific effect on promoting transfer hydrogenation could not be determined. AMS was not a good probe for cracking under the conditions of this study. Evidence of hydration was observed in the water-containing systems. The presence of water suppressed the formation of addition products, resulting in an overall formation of these products that was half of that observed in the absence of water. The presence of minerals during the treatment seemed to have a minor impact on the selectivity profile of addition products, although it had no apparent influence on the overall formation of these products.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main gases expected from the AMS conversion are hydrogen, ethylene, propylene, and C 1 −C 4 . 37 3.2. Material Balance.…”

Section: Reaction Severity and Gas Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Treatment of Oilsands Bitumen Froth at 400 °C: Influence of Minerals and Water on Hydrogen Transfer, Cracking, and Addition Reactions

Bassane,

de Klerk

2024

Energy Fuels

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Polovor et al reported the deposition of condensation products from the conversion of AMS, referred to by the authors as coke, on the surface of an aluminosilicate catalyst. The formation of coke-like material originating from the conversion of cumene on the surface of acid catalysts has also been reported. , The microscope pictures of kaolinite after reaction in the ATP experiments (Figure ) revealed the formation of dark carbonaceous material over the kaolinite’s surface, which seemed to darken with increased reaction time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two potential pathways for the dimerization of AMS into the dimers E1 and E5 are depicted in Figure . The free radical pathway (Figure , path A) advances through the formation of an intermediate cumyl radical species, while the cationic dimerization of AMS (Figure , path B) proceeds through the formation of a cumyl carbocation species …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Water and Kaolinite on the Conversion Rate and Reaction Pathways during Thermal Conversion of α-Methylstyrene at 400 °C

P Bassane,

de Klerk

2024

Energy Fuels

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Research examining the impact of water and mineral matter on the thermal conversion of crude oil has indicated that retaining these components during treatment affects cracking, hydrogen transfer, and addition reactions. However, the complex nature of a reaction medium containing crude oil poses a challenge in relating the influence of water and minerals to particular reaction pathways. To enhance understanding of the specific contributions of water and minerals to reaction chemistry during thermal conversion, a practical approach is to make use of simpler model systems to capture relevant information for petroleum processing. The current study explored the impact of water and kaolinite on the reaction rates and pathways during the thermal conversion of a model system comprising αmethylstyrene (AMS), tetralin, and n-pentadecane at 400 °C for 1, 5, 10, and 30 min. The effect of kaolinite at different concentrations was also compared to that of rutile and quartz during the conversion of AMS alone. Water and kaolinite, individually and collectively, affected the reaction rates. Water suppressed the AMS conversion rates, but no evidence was found that water affected reaction pathways. Kaolinite increased the conversion rates of both AMS and tetralin, while also enhancing the formation rates of cumene and naphthalene. This suggested that kaolinite somehow favored hydrogen transfer during the treatment. The presence of kaolinite also increased the formation rates of benzene by dealkylation and the tricyclic AMS dimer 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl indane, indicating that kaolinite was catalytically active, influencing reaction pathways by promoting cationic conversion. The adsorption of water on the surface of kaolinite appeared to contribute to reduced reaction rates when reacting AMS in the presence of both water and kaolinite. The deposition of carbonaceous material on kaolinite suggested that the mineral is rapidly fouled during the conversion.

show abstract

Conversions of ?-methylstyrene on aluminosilicate at cracking temperatures

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Hydrothermal Treatment of Oilsands Bitumen Froth at 400 °C: Influence of Minerals and Water on Hydrogen Transfer, Cracking, and Addition Reactions

Hydrothermal Treatment of Oilsands Bitumen Froth at 400 °C: Influence of Minerals and Water on Hydrogen Transfer, Cracking, and Addition Reactions

Role of Water and Kaolinite on the Conversion Rate and Reaction Pathways during Thermal Conversion of α-Methylstyrene at 400 °C

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About