“…Mode theory requires a great deal of calculation, and RT generally fails to estimate the distribution of field strength precisely. Moreover, mode theory and RT have difficulty in modeling range-dependent environments, such that modeling radio-wave propagation IEEE AntEnnAs & ProPAgAtIon MAgAzInE j u n e 2 0 1 6 in the troposphere is also difficult [2]. Meanwhile, PE methods can efficiently solve these problems.…”