Conversion of notoginsenoside R1 to 3β,12β-dihydroxydammar-(E)-20(22),24-diene-6-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 enhanced protective effects of LPS-induced intestinal epithelial barrier injury in Caco-2 cells

Abstract

Aim Microbial transformation to modify saponins and enhance their biological activities has received increasing attention in recent years. This study aimed to screen the strain can biotransform notoginsenoside R1, identify the product and study its biological activity. Methods A Lactic acid bacteria strain S165 with glycosidase-producing activity was isolated from traditional Chinese fermented foods, which was identified and grouped according to API 50 CHL kit and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Subsequently, notoginsenoside R1 underwent a 30-day fermentation period by the strain S165, and the resulting products were analyzed using HPLC, UPLC-MS/MS, and 13C-NMR techniques. Employing a model of LPS-induced damage to Caco-2 cells, the damage of caco-2 cells was detected by Hoechst 33 258 staining, the activity of notoginsenoside R1 biotransformation product was investigated by CCK-8 and western blotting assay. Results The strain S165 was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and was used to biotransform notoginsenoside R1. Through a 30-day biotransformation, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 predominantly converts notoginsenoside R1 into 3β,12β-dihydroxydammar-(E)-20(22),24-diene-6-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, temporarily named notoginsenoside T6 (NGT6) according to HPLC, UPLC-MS/MS and 13C-NMR analysis. Results from CCK-8 and Hoechst 33 258 staining indicated that the ability notoginsenoside T6 to alleviate the intestinal injury induced by LPS in the Caco-2 cell was stronger than that of notoginsenoside R1. In addition, Western blotting result showed that notoginsenoside could intestinal injury by protecting tight junction proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1). Conclusion Notoginsenoside R1 was biotransformed into the notoginsenoside T6 by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165, and the biotransformed product showed an enhanced intestinal protective effect in vitro.