Conversion of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural catalyzed by ZnCl2 in water

Abstract

The incompletely coordinated zinc ions in the concentrated aqueous ZnCl(2) solution catalyze the direct conversion of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and a moderate HMF yield up to 50% can be achieved.

Direct conversion of chitin biomass to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in concentrated ZnCl2 aqueous solution

“…high pressure and temperature (210°C, and the pressure of H 2 O at this temperature in Omari et al, 2012a), strong acidity (2 M HCl or 2 M H 2 SO 4 in Szabolcs et al, 2013), (37% HCl in Mascal and Nikitin, 2009) were employed for chitin biomass/5-HMF conversion into LA. The reactions in this report are carried out at atmospheric pressure, 120°C and in 67 wt.% ZnCl 2 aqueous solution (which has a pH value similar to 1.6 wt.% HCl aqueous solution, Deng et al, 2012). These improved reaction conditions are milder than the previously described and therefore, in the present investigation, the chitin biomass and/or 5-HMF are not converted into LA and 5-HMF can be isolated as the main product.…”

“…Recently, our team utilized concentrated ZnCl 2 aqueous solution to study the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass (Deng et al, 2012). This green solvent exhibits good solubility for lignocelluloses, and the dehydration of glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, cellulose as well as starch was investigated in this environmental friendly solvent.…”

Graphene oxide as a facile acid catalyst for the one-pot conversion of carbohydrates into 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

“…6,7 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), produced from carbohydrates such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, inulin and even cellulose, has been envisaged as one of the top building block chemicals in biorefinery processes. [8][9][10][11] It can be transformed into a number of important compounds with a high potential to be used in fuel or polymer applications, including furan derivatives such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 2,5-diformylfuran, 2,5-bishydroxymethylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and nonfuranic compounds such as levulinic acid, 1,6-hexanediol, adipic acid, caprolactam, and caprolactone. when HMF was used as the starting material, while it is still troublesome to achieve high yields of EMF directly from fructose or other cheaper biopolymers by a one-pot process.…”

Catalytic Conversion of Glucose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by Hf(OTf)4 Lewis Acid in Water

“…Many researchers have studied the production of HMF from C6 carbohydrates such as fructose, and excellent HMF yields have been achieved [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Since glucose is the more abundant and economical monosaccharide in nature compared with fructose, the production of HMF from glucose is more attractive from a cost-competitiveness perspective.…”

“…Examining the literature would lead to the finding that organic/aqueous binary mixtures [23,24,[27][28][29], water [26,30], organic solvents [7], ionic liquids [22,25,[31][32][33][34], etc., have been used as the solvent to carry out glucose dehydration. Among these solvents, an organic/aqueous binary mixture system is one of the most appealing systems that could effectively solve the dilemma of catalytic activity and product selectivity.…”