Conversion of Cannabidiol (CBD) into Psychotropic Cannabinoids Including Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): A Controversy in the Scientific Literature

Golombek, Patricia; Müller, Marco; Barthlott, Ines; Sproll, Constanze; Lachenmeier, Dirk W.

doi:10.3390/toxics8020041

Cited by 93 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(174 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, the conversion of CBD into Δ 9 -THC ( 1 ) is still controversial. 8 Studies carried out exposing the natural resinous matrix (hashish) for a prolonged time to light at atmospheric temperature showed only a decrease in the concentration of Δ 9 -THC ( 1 ) with the concentration of CBD ( 2 ) 9 being unchanged for 4 years. On the other hand, Lydon and Teramura 10 evaluated the photoreactivity of C. sativa extracts under UV and visible light irradiation, observing a decrease in the concentration of 2 and no alteration in the amount of 1 or cannabichromene (CBC, 3 ) excluding any possible risk of photochemical conversion of 2 into 1 in a natural matrix.…”

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confidence: 99%

Photochemistry of Cannabidiol (CBD) Revised. A Combined Preparative and Spectrometric Investigation

et al. 2021

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Cannabis is a plant with an astonishing ability to biosynthesize cannabinoids, and more than 100 molecules belonging to this class have been isolated. Among them in recent years cannabidiol (CBD) has received the interest of pharmacology as the major nonpsychotropic cannabinoid with many potential clinical applications. Although the reactivity of CBD has been widely investigated, only little attention has been given to the possible photodegradation of this cannabinoid, and the data available in the literature are outdated and, in some cases, conflicting. The aim of the present work is providing a characterization of the photochemical behavior of CBD in organic solvents, through a detailed GC-MS analyses, isolation, and NMR characterization of the photoproducts obtained.

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confidence: 99%

Photochemistry of Cannabidiol (CBD) Revised. A Combined Preparative and Spectrometric Investigation

et al. 2021

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“…• The deviation of the content of commercial CBD preparations from the labelling consistently found in studies worldwide (see above) could partially derive from instability of CBD during storage 61 . Research regarding stabilization of CBD appears necessary to ensure CBD stability during shelf-life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Evidence for adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products and their non-conformity on the European food market – response to the European Industrial Hemp Association

Lachenmeier

Walch

2021

F1000Res

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An interesting and valuable discussion has arisen from our recent article (Lachenmeier et al., 2020) and we are pleased to have the opportunity to expand on the various points we made. Equally important, we wish to correct several important misunderstandings that were made by Kruse and Beitzke (2020) on behalf of the European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA) that possibly contributed to their concerns about the validity of our data, toxicological assessment and conclusions regarding regulatory status of cannabidiol (CBD) products. First and foremost, our study did only assess the risk of psychotropic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) without inclusion of non-psychotropic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). Secondly, as this article will discuss in more detail, there is ample evidence for adverse effects of CBD products, not only in paediatric patients, but also in adult users of over-the-counter CBD products (including inadvertent “high” effects). Thirdly, the exposure and risk assessment was conducted using up-to-date guidelines according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). And finally, the current legal situation in the European Union, without approval of any hemp extract-containing product according to the Novel Food regulation, actually allows blanket statements that all such products are illegal on the market, and this indeed would imply a general ban on the use and marketing of such products as food or food ingredients until such an approval has been granted. We hope that this reassures the F1000Research readership regarding the validity of our results and conclusions. We are pleased, though, that the EIHA has acknowledged the fact that there are non-compliant CBD products available, but according to our data these are a substantial fraction of the market.

show abstract

“…• The deviation of the content of commercial CBD preparations from the labelling consistently found in studies worldwide (see above) could partially derive from instability of CBD during storage 60 . Research regarding stabilization of CBD appears necessary to ensure CBD stability during shelf-life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Evidence for side effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products and their non-conformity on the European food market – response to the European Industrial Hemp Association

Lachenmeier

Walch

2020

F1000Res

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An interesting and valuable discussion has arisen from our recent article (Lachenmeier et al., 2020) and we are pleased to have the opportunity to expand on the various points we made. Equally important, we wish to correct several important misunderstandings that were made by Kruse and Beitzke (2020) on behalf of the European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA) that possibly contributed to their concerns about the validity of our data, toxicological assessment and conclusions regarding regulatory status of cannabidiol (CBD) products. First and foremost, our study did only assess the risk of psychotropic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) without inclusion of non-psychotropic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). Secondly, as this article will discuss in more detail, there is ample evidence for side effects of CBD products, not only in paediatric patients, but also in adult users of over-the-counter CBD products (including inadvertent “high” effects). Thirdly, the exposure and risk assessment was conducted using up-to-date guidelines according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). And finally, the current legal situation in the European Union, without approval of any hemp extract-containing product according to the Novel Food regulation, actually allows blanket statements that all such products are illegal on the market, and this indeed would imply a general ban on the use and marketing of such products as food or food ingredients until such an approval has been granted. We hope that this reassures the F1000Research readership regarding the validity of our results and conclusions. We are pleased, though, that the EIHA has acknowledged the fact that there are non-compliant CBD products available, but according to our data these are a substantial fraction of the market.

show abstract

Conversion of Cannabidiol (CBD) into Psychotropic Cannabinoids Including Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): A Controversy in the Scientific Literature

Cited by 93 publications

References 102 publications

Photochemistry of Cannabidiol (CBD) Revised. A Combined Preparative and Spectrometric Investigation

Photochemistry of Cannabidiol (CBD) Revised. A Combined Preparative and Spectrometric Investigation

Evidence for adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products and their non-conformity on the European food market – response to the European Industrial Hemp Association

Evidence for side effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products and their non-conformity on the European food market – response to the European Industrial Hemp Association

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