Conversion of agricultural waste into stable biocrude using spinel oxide catalysts

Catalytic performance of Ni–Co/HZSM-5 catalysts for aromatic compound promotion in simulated bio-oil upgrading

“…An effective method of upgrading bio-oil is catalytic cracking. 11 Many types of catalysts have been prepared and studied for this process; however, these catalysts are usually deactivated due to coke deposition. Despite this problem, HZSM-5 is still a common catalyst for upgrading tar, heavy bio-oil and vapor due to its ideal pore size, high acidity and high selectivity for aromatic hydrocarbons.…”

Role of Catalyst Support's Physicochemical Properties on Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation over Palladium Catalysts

“…For catalytic studies of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), guaiacol has been a common model compound due to its bonds being representative of the lignin structure [23] . In guaiacol HDO, the catalyst support plays a significant role, and bifunctional catalysts often have advantages for the deoxygenation of biomass‐derived oxygenates, due to the combination of effects from acid/basic and metal sites [32–34] . Alternatively, dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons is typically conducted over supported noble metals, such as Pt and Pd [35] .…”

Production of flammable gases from cattle manure via pyrolysis using CO 2 as an oxidant

“…Solid pyrogenic products (biochar) can be used like solid fuel (coal) due to their high ratio of C to H. 25 Biocrude could not easily replace fossil fuels (gasoline/diesel) because of its high content of oxygen. 26 The high content of oxygen in biocrude is a critical factor to lower energy density 27 and increase of acidity. 26 Biocrude is also comprised of various hydrocarbons (HCs) with a wide range of carbon length.…”

“…26 The high content of oxygen in biocrude is a critical factor to lower energy density 27 and increase of acidity. 26 Biocrude is also comprised of various hydrocarbons (HCs) with a wide range of carbon length. 28 Thus, prior to the use of biocrude as an alternative to liquid fossil fuel, it required stringent separation, purification, and deoxygenation unit operations, which greatly deteriorate economic viability.…”

“…28 Thus, prior to the use of biocrude as an alternative to liquid fossil fuel, it required stringent separation, purification, and deoxygenation unit operations, which greatly deteriorate economic viability. 26 Thus, the more production of gaseous pyrolysates (such as syngas) rather than biocrude could be a realistic option. To this end, this study was mainly focused on the more formation of gaseous pyrolysates (syngas) from the pyrolysis of animal manure.…”