Convergent Validity in Students' Perceptions of Jimmy Carter, Ted Kennedy, and the Ideal President

Butterfield, D. Anthony; Powell, Gary N.

doi:10.2466/pms.1981.52.1.51

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Coefficient alphas for masculinity and femininity appear in Table I. While test‐retest reliability was not measured in the current study, past studies using the same instrument for the same purpose have found reliabilities of 0.80 and above (Butterfield and Powell, 1981; Butterfield and Prasad, 1989).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Since the presidential elections of 1980, the “ideal president has consistently been seen as more masculine than feminine,”, i.e. in the elections of 1980 (Butterfield and Powell, 1981), 1984 (Powell and Butterfield, 1987), 1988 (Butterfield and Prasad, 1989), 1996 (Butterfield and Grinnell, 1998), 2004 (Butterfield and Alves, 2005). These studies suggest that beliefs about US presidents may be best expressed as “think president – think masculine.” Therefore, consistent with these notions, we hypothesize that:…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex, gender, and the US presidency: ready for a female President?

Powell

Butterfield

2011

Gender in Management: An International Journal

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine perceptions of the “Ideal President” and candidates in the 2008 US presidential election in relation to gender and leader prototypes.Design/methodology/approachA total of 768 undergraduate business students rated either the ideal President or a presidential candidate on Bem Sex‐Role Inventory and Implicit Leadership Theory scales.FindingsThe ideal President was seen as more similar to male candidates as a group than female candidates as a group (i.e. “think president – think male”). The ideal President was seen as higher in masculinity than femininity (i.e. “think president – think masculine”).Research limitations/implicationsAdditional factors beyond gender and leader prototypes may affect perceptions of presidential candidates and the ideal President. Respondents came exclusively from northeastern USA; hence, results may not be generalizable to other populations. Replication of this study in nations that have elected a female leader is recommended. Future theory and research should link perceptions of male and female leaders in different nations to dimensions of national culture such as gender egalitarianism.Social implicationsThe results suggest the continued presence of sex‐related biases in leader evaluations in the political context. Such biases influence whether specific groups are excluded from political leadership because of their personal characteristics (e.g. women), which would dilute the talent of the pool of available candidates.Originality/valueThe results increase knowledge of the linkages among sex, gender, and political leadership by incorporating both gender and leader prototypes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex, gender, and the US presidency: ready for a female President?

Powell

Butterfield

2011

Gender in Management: An International Journal

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“…Further evidence that perhaps the most prestigious of all offices, that of President of the United States, is regarded as masculine comes from several studies. Butterfield and Powell (1981) asked college students to describe a "good President" using the Bern Sex Role Inventory. The good President was perceived as masculine in 61 % of the cases; undifferentiated, that is lower than the median on both masculine and feminine characteristics, in 33% of the cases; androgynous, above the medians on both masculine and feminine characteristics, in 6% of the cases; and feminine in 0% of the cases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Role and Political Office: Effects of Perceived Masculinity/Femininity of Candidate and Political Office

Rosenwasser

Dean

1989

Psychology of Women Quarterly

179

130

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Women are less represented in prestigious national political offices than they are in state and local offices. How this underrepresentation may be related to perceived characteristics of office and candidate are explored in the two studies described here. In Study 1, the "masculinity/femininity" of local, state, and national offices was analyzed; all levels of office were rated as more "masculine" than "feminine." In Study 2, the sex as well as the gender role of a hypothetical presidential candidate was varied. "Masculine" and male candidates were evaluated as being more competent on presidential tasks such as dealing with terrorism; "feminine" and female candidates were rated higher on tasks such as solving problems in our educational system. Men, regardless of gender role, were perceived as being more likely to win a presidential election, and "masculine" tasks were evaluated as being more important than "feminine" presidential tasks. Implications for future female politicians are discussed.Women's roles are undeniably changing. More and more women are entering the work force, assuming the traditionally masculine responsibility of breadwinner, and becoming employed in some jobs previously considered t o be primarily in the masculine domain. These changes are also reflected

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“…More specifically, Republican presidential candidates perform masculine personas through tough stands on issues like crime and war. This can be a successful strategy given that voters rate masculine/instrumental leadership traits as more desirable for an ideal president than feminine/expressive traits (Butterfield & Powell, 1981; Funk, 1999). However, being associated with feminine qualities has not been a universal detriment to Democrats in presidential elections—they have won about the same number of elections in the past 60 years as Republicans.…”

Section: The Feminization Of Democrats Compared With Republicansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual War: A Content Analysis of Clinton and Trump Subreddits During the 2016 Campaign

Hale

Grabe

2018

Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

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U.S. political party genderization (Republicans as masculine; Democrats as feminine) is well-documented in research. To determine if Hillary Clinton may have disrupted these patterns as the first female major-party presidential nominee, Reddit posts during the 2016 election campaign were analyzed. Most studies focus on professional news or candidate self-presentations concocted by image handlers. We departed from this tradition, focusing on (a) gender qualities that Redditors assign to candidates on this platform and (b) statistical tracking of these patterns over time. The results provide insight into how the electorate presented the two candidates and Donald Trump’s largely unexpected victory.

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Convergent Validity in Students' Perceptions of Jimmy Carter, Ted Kennedy, and the Ideal President

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Sex, gender, and the US presidency: ready for a female President?

Sex, gender, and the US presidency: ready for a female President?

Gender Role and Political Office: Effects of Perceived Masculinity/Femininity of Candidate and Political Office

Visual War: A Content Analysis of Clinton and Trump Subreddits During the 2016 Campaign

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