Convergent mortality responses of Caribbean coral species to seawater warming

Abstract

Abstract. Species-specific responses to disturbance are a central consideration for predicting the composition, dynamics, and function of future communities. These responses may be predictable based on species traits that can be analyzed systematically to understand those characteristics important in determining susceptibility and potential for recovery. Scleractinian coral communities of the Western Atlantic are experiencing increased frequency and severity of extreme thermal disturbance, coral bleaching, and mortality. A conceptual thermal bleaching response model developed in this study suggests multiple susceptibility pathways that can lead corals to partial mortality and the loss of biomass, or complete mortality and the loss of genotypes, with implications for species-specific persistence and recovery. Coral assessments from annual to semi-annual surveys at 18 sites in the U.S. Virgin Islands, northeastern Caribbean Sea, before, during, and after the catastrophic 2005 coral bleaching event and during the mild 2010 bleaching event were used to evaluate bleaching, disease, and mortality responses. Three convergent groupings of species emerged based predominantly on their responses to the 2005 event: Type I-high bleaching and initial mortality, no subsequent white disease, and severe losses of cover (exhibited by Agaricia agaricites and branching Porites species); Type II-moderate bleaching and initial mortality, high subsequent white disease prevalence, and severe losses of cover (exhibited by Colpophyllia natans, Montastraea annularis species complex, and M. annularis sensu stricto); Type III-moderate to low bleaching and paling, low to no subsequent white disease, and low to no loss of cover (exhibited by Diploria strigosa, Montastraea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, and Siderastrea siderea). Whole colony mortality was uncommon, even in the most susceptible species, suggesting a potential for recovery among the majority (19 of 27) of scleractinian corals studied. Type II species performed worse than predicted by species traits because of their susceptibility to disease, a factor that needs to be incorporated more fully in models of thermal stress response. Responses of all species to the milder 2010 event were less severe, with limited bleaching and no detectible mortality. Future community composition of Caribbean coral reefs under seawater warming will likely be increasingly dominated by resistant Type III species.

The cumulative impact of annual coral bleaching can turn some coral species winners into losers

“…In the case of P. divaricata, even though endosymbiont cell density, energy reserves, calcification, CZAR, and CTAR all decreased in singly bleached treatment fragments compared to controls, only CZAR was moderately affected by the recurrence of bleaching stress the following year (Figs 4a-c and 5a-c). Recent modeling evidence suggests that branching Porites in the Caribbean have the capacity for adaptation when bleaching events were separated by 5 years (Smith et al, 2013). CTAR) was unaffected by repeat bleaching stress indicating that the combination of CZAR and CHAR together maintained CTAR at levels comparable to controls.…”

Changes in coral sensitivity to thermal anomalies

“…Additionally, establishing evidence for genetic adaptation to climate based on phenotypic change is challenging (Merilä & Hendry 2014). For example, other forcing factors or disturbances, including fishing impacts and diseases, are known to influence changes and could be responsible for genetic adaptation (Darling et al 2012, Smith et al 2013. Plots of the change in bleaching response versus mortality suggest no clear mortality-driven relationships.…”

Intraspecific variation in growth rate is a poor predictor of fitness for reef corals

“…It may have functional significance, for example, that growth in Y1 and Y2 was associated in a 6‐yr period (2003–2009) without hurricanes, but with high incidence of coral disease (Smith et al. ). Mortality declined with increasing growth rate over a 6‐yr period without a bleaching event (2009–2015) but with 1 yr of exceptionally heavy rainfall (Edmunds and Gray ), but it did not decline with growth rate over two other periods in which bleaching occurred in 1998 (Rogers and Miller ) and 2005 (Smith et al.…”