Convergence Insufficiency, Accommodative Insufficiency, Visual Symptoms, and Astigmatism in Tohono O’odham Students

Abstract

Purpose. To determine rate of convergence insufficiency (CI) and accommodative insufficiency (AI) and assess the relation between CI, AI, visual symptoms, and astigmatism in school-age children. Methods. 3rd–8th-grade students completed the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) and binocular vision testing with correction if prescribed. Students were categorized by astigmatism magnitude (no/low: <1.00 D, moderate: 1.00 D to <3.00 D, and high: ≥3.00 D), presence/absence of clinical signs of CI and AI, and presence of symptoms. Analyses determine rate of clinical CI and AI and symptomatic CI and AI and assessed the relation between CI, AI, visual symptoms, and astigmatism. Results. In the sample of 484 students (11.67 ± 1.81 years of age), rate of symptomatic CI was 6.2% and symptomatic AI 18.2%. AI was more common in students with CI than without CI. Students with AI only (p = 0.02) and with CI and AI (p = 0.001) had higher symptom scores than students with neither CI nor AI. Moderate and high astigmats were not at increased risk for CI or AI. Conclusions. With-the-rule astigmats are not at increased risk for CI or AI. High comorbidity rates of CI and AI and higher symptoms scores with AI suggest that research is needed to determine symptomatology specific to CI.

Convergence insufficiency in Chinese high school students

“…Previous studies have reported the frequency of convergence insufficiency in different age groups and different populations . The frequency ranges from 2.25 to 33 per cent depending on the diagnostic criteria used.…”

“…Binocular vision dysfunction is the second most common diagnosis that optometrists are likely to encounter in the paediatric clinical population, and convergence insufficiency is one of the most common binocular vision disorders . Despite the high prevalence of convergence insufficiency (2.25–33 per cent), there is no universally accepted set of diagnostic criteria for this condition. Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial studies used strict criteria that included three clinical findings as diagnostic signs: reduced positive fusional vergence at near, exophoria at least 4 Δ greater at near than at distance, and a receded near point of convergence.…”

Factor structure of the convergence insufficiency symptom survey questionnaire

“…The visual discomfort can be caused by several factors, specially (1) eye problems, such as the presence of uncorrected refractive errors, accommodative or binocular anomalies [8,9] and (2) others situations, like unsuitable working conditions related to lighting and temperature levels, high continuous working time, short working distances, excessive use of electronic devices and mental status [2,3,7,10,11].…”

“…It has also been applied for evaluating symptoms severity in accommodative insufficiency [21]. However, it is an instrument that has been used as a tool with a single score and this may be one of the reasons why it has been pointed out as a tool with poor specificity for convergence insufficiency [4,11,22].…”

Effect of Corneal Refractive Surgery on Accommodative and Binocular Dysfunctions Among Civilian Pilots in Southwest China

“…Early detection of clinically signi cant ADs and/or BDs is important, as some of these deviations may decompensate and become strabismic, resulting in the loss of stereopsis, suppression and a wide variety of associated visual and mental symptoms [6][7][8][9][10]. Most of these studies are performed in pediatric populations [11][12][13][14], high school [15] and university students [16,17]. To our knowledge, reports are lacking on the frequency of ADs and/or BDs among pilots.…”