Conventional and microwave curing process of epoxy systems: Kinetic analysis and characterization

Saccone, Guido; Amendola, Eugenio; Acierno, Domenico

doi:10.1002/mop.24735

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The glass transition temperature ( T g ) and thermal stability were also appeared to be higher for microwave cured nanocomposites compared to conventional thermal curing . The reason of enhancement in T g by microwave curing is unrevealed until now; however, it is sometimes claimed that high heat input and heat transfer might affect polymerization process thereby causing more compact three‐dimensional polymer chain network . The presence of functional group might result localized superheating of the functional group could be the main mechanism of reaction rate enhancement of microwave energy .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Microwave processing of SiC nanoparticles infused polymer composites: Comparison of thermal and mechanical properties

Rabby

Jeelani

Rangari

2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The goal of this study is to compare thermal and mechanical properties of an epoxy resin system reinforced with SiC nanoparticles using both conventional thermal curing and microwave irradiation techniques. The microwave curing technique has shown potential benefits in processing polymeric nanocomposites by reducing the curing time without compromising the thermo‐mechanical performances of the materials. It was observed from this investigation that, the curing time was drastically reduced to ∼30 min for microwave curing instead of 12 h room temperature curing with additional 6 h post curing at 75°C. Ductile behavior was more pronounced for microwave curing technique while thermal curing showed brittle like behavior as revealed from flexural test. The maximum strain to failure was increased by 25–40% for microwave‐cured nanocomposites over the room temperature cured nanocomposites for the same loading of nanofillers. The glass transition temperature (Tg) also increased by ∼14°C while curing under microwave irradiation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41708.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Microwave processing of SiC nanoparticles infused polymer composites: Comparison of thermal and mechanical properties

Rabby

Jeelani

Rangari

2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…This can be related to the different triggerings of the polymerization process. This could result in a different network of crosslinked polymer chains 15. Thermal results did not show such an enhancement; however, the underlying triggering mechanisms for each test are not the same.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Based on the reported results from other studies, it is still unclear how the T g of the cured systems is affected by MW induced curing. It would be expected, as it has been claimed by Saccone et al,15 that the high‐energy input and the path the energy transfer follows could affect the polymerization processing, creating a more compact three‐dimensional polymer chain network with lower free volume. This would result in a higher T g .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…As summarized in Table III, convection curing utilizes about four times more energy than the MW curing method. The beneficial characteristics of MC with respect to time and consequently energy have been investigated in the previously published studies 15, 37. However, from this study, it cannot be conclusive as it should be noted that the size of the oven can accommodate more specimens for curing, which would result in a higher efficiency for the CC method, in terms of final cured mass.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the most important are the nonuniform‐generated heating and the performance of the composites produced 13, 14. To tackle these issues, the use of fillers as susceptors in the polymer has been proposed 12, 15. Research in the area of nanotechnology has delivered various nanofillers that represent promising additives toward the direction of MW curing 5, 12, 16.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microwave curing of epoxy polymers reinforced with carbon nanotubes

Fotiou¹,

Baltopoulos²,

Vavouliotis³

et al. 2013

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The driver for this study is the observation that heating of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with electromagnetic field can offer a more efficient and cost-effective alternative in heat transfer for the production of composites. The idea of this study is twofold; CNT can work as microwave (MW) radiation susceptors and they can act as nanoreinforcements in the final system. To test these assumptions, a household oven was modified to control the curing schedule. Polymers with different CNT concentrations were prepared (0.5 and 1.0 wt %). The dispersion of the CNTs in the epoxy was achieved using shear-mixing dissolver technique. MW and conventionally cured specimens were also produced in a convection oven for reference. Thermal and mechanical tests were used as control point. A curing schedule investigation was further performed to quantify the energy and time-saving capabilities using CNT and MWs. The presence of CNTs into epoxy matrix has been proven beneficial for the shortening of the curing time. MW-cured composites showed the same degree of polymerization with the conventionally cured composites in a shorter time period and this time was reduced as the CNT concentration was increased. A good distribution of the CNT is required to avoid hot spot effects and local degradation. Mechanical performance was, in some cases, favored by the use of CNT. The benefit from the use of MWs and CNT could reach at least 40% in terms of energy needed and time without sacrificing mechanical performance.

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Elucidation of Microwave Effects: Methods, Theories, and Predictive Models

Hoz

Díaz‐Ortiz

Gómez

et al. 2012

Microwaves in Organic Synthesis

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IntroductionThe impact of microwave (MW) irradiation in organic synthesis has increased over the years and especially since the development of new dedicated and reliable MW instruments [1].MW-assisted organic synthesis has been characterized by the spectacular accelerations produced in many reactions as a consequence of a heating rate which, in most cases, cannot be reproduced by classical heating. This effect is particularly important in (i) the preparation of isotopically labeled drugs for positron emission tomography (PET) that have a short half-life ( 11 C, t1 / 2 = 20 min; 122 I, t1 / 2 = 3.6 min; 18 F, t1 / 2 = 100 min) [2], (ii) high-throughput chemistry (combinatorial and parallel chemistry) where a rapid synthesis may increase the efficiency [3], (iii) catalysis where the short reaction time protects the catalyst from decomposition and increases the catalyst efficiency [4], and (iv) the synthesis of unstable or sensitive compounds, for example, natural products, where the short reaction time prevent the decomposition that occurs with long reaction times [5].The occurrence of results that cannot be explained exclusively by rapid heating led several authors to postulate the existence of a so-called ''microwave effect.'' Hence acceleration or modifications of the selectivity and reactivity could be explained by an effect of the electromagnetic radiation and not merely by the heating effect. In this way, in combination with the rapid heating, specific thermal effects and non-thermal effect could be the responsible for the improvement of many chemical processes.The occurrence of MW effects has been the subject of much controversy. In this chapter, we describe the state-of-the-art of this subject and we present many examples in favor of and against the presence of MW effects with a critical appraisal.Microwaves in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition.

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Conventional and microwave curing process of epoxy systems: Kinetic analysis and characterization

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Microwave processing of SiC nanoparticles infused polymer composites: Comparison of thermal and mechanical properties

Microwave processing of SiC nanoparticles infused polymer composites: Comparison of thermal and mechanical properties

Microwave curing of epoxy polymers reinforced with carbon nanotubes

Elucidation of Microwave Effects: Methods, Theories, and Predictive Models

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