“…This is despite the fact that recent research has shown that collaborative approaches using e-planning can be achieved (Kingston, 2002;Hudson-Smith et al, 2003). Research suggests (Adams et al, 2003) that it is the culture and organization, rather than the technological capability, of local authorities that are the key barriers. Opinion is, however, divided, with proponents suggesting concepts of freedom, empowerment, opportunity, communication and democracy (Craig, 1998), while opponents suggest it aims to deliver control, exploitation and is discriminatory (Pickles, 1995).…”