Conventional and biological treatment for the removal of microplastics from drinking water

Cherniak, Samuel L Cherniak; Almuhtaram, Husein; McKie, Michael J.; Hermabessière, Ludovic; Yuan, Chuqiao; Rochman, Chelsea M.; Andrews, Robert C.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132587

Cited by 50 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, they can still be detected in drinking water. Most concentrations are < 20 MPs/L, as reported for Saudi Arabia [44] , Thailand [45] , Canada [46] , Spain [48] , Norway [6] , Iceland [26] , Sweden [52] , Germany [55] , India [61] , Mexico [64] , and Ecuador [58] . However, concentrations were higher in those places where the raw water has a higher concentration of MPs, such as the Czech Republic, China, and Iran, where concentrations up to 328, 440, and 970 MPs/L have been reported [43,49,50,54,59,60,73] .…”

Section: Occurrence Fate and Removal Of Mps And/or Npsmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The simple one is to take a conventional grab sample in glass [26,43,59,60,63,64,67] , aluminum [44] , stainless steel [56] , or even high-density polyethylene (HDPE) [58,66] bottles and process them in a laboratory. This is appropriate for volumes between 1 and 25 L. If a higher water volume is needed (> 50 L), grab samples could be immediately passed through a stainless steel wire mesh of different sizes, and then reduced volume samples are taken to the laboratory [45] . Another common system is the use of an immersive electropump connected to one or a full ramp of stainless steel filtration sieves (commonly, from 3.5 mm to 20 μm), and then reduced volume samples are also obtained [47,49,70] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strong acids also have an oxidizing effect on organic matter present in water, but the oxidant par excellence is hydrogen peroxide with or without Fe(II) to accelerate the reaction (Fenton reagent). Hydrogen peroxide can be added directly to water [43] , although it is most commonly added to the MPs after they have been separated from the sample [45,49,50,[54][55][56]61,67,70,72] . Furthermore, enzymatic proteolytic digestion has been described once [6] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, enzymatic proteolytic digestion has been described once [6] . Density separation involves mostly ZnCl 2 [37,43,47,55,61,69] , NaCl [45] , 3Na 2 WO 4 •9WO 2 •H 2 O [52] , and the use of organic solvent (dichloromethane) [72] . The recovery of MPs is conditioned by the density of solutions, especially for heavier MPs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymer chemical identification (and sometimes its quantification) is performed by using µFTIR [44,48,50,52,56,60,63,69] , µ-Raman [30,43,45,46,50,53,57,59,64,[66][67][68]70] , or Py-GC-MS [6,26,52,54,55] . However, several studies used ATR-FTIR spectroscopy [54,61,69,71] and Raman spectroscopy [63] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microplastics in water, from treatment process to drinking water: analytical methods and potential health effects

Picó¹,

Manzoor²,

Soursou³

et al. 2022

Water Emerg Contam Nanoplastics

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Aim: The commonly used analytical methods for microplastic (MPs) detection in drinking water and the threat of MP pollution in water intended for human consumption to human beings are presented through a systematic review. Furthermore, MP occurrence, transport, and fate from raw to treated drinking water, tap water, and bottled water, as well as the possible health impacts of MPs on human beings, are also evaluated. Methods: Systematic review included articles published in scientific journals that contain specific keywords in the title and were searched in Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus. The literature was selected and extracted by two reviewers based on the PRISMA-A guidelines, which recommend including 57 items. Results: The experimental studies pointed out that sampling is performed using grab or reduced samples, and sample treatment involves mostly oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and density separation. The minimum sample size obtainable in the extraction and the maximum density of the polymer separable from the matrix provided different results. Clearly, the determination of MPs involves the simultaneous application of several analytical techniques, including optical, fluorescence, and electronic microscopies, µFTIR, µ-Raman, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The determination technique also provides different results according to the sensitivity as well as the minimum size determinable. These studies are mostly devoted to establishing the occurrence, transport, and fate within the supply network, the efficiency in removal of MPs from drinking water by treatment plants, and the risk to humans. The MP concentration in drinking water reservoirs is highly variable. However, tap water always presents lower concentrations of MPs than the water that enters the drinking water treatment plants because the different treatments are efficient at removing MPs. Although it has not been fully demonstrated that MPs are toxic to humans, the effects point to oxidative stress, gastrointestinal irritation, microbiome irregularities, and changes in lipid metabolism. Conclusion: Analytical methods present some common features as a first step towards harmonization. However, it is still unknown whether the analytical methods could influence the disparity of the results. The MP concentration in drinking water is low in comparison to other types of water. MPs are not exempt from hazards to human health.

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