Conventional and advanced detection techniques of foodborne pathogens: A comprehensive review

A novel hierarchical framework for plant leaf disease detection using residual vision transformer

“…(5) , (6) , (7) , respectively. In the above Eqs., represents the filter width, is the filter height, is the total filters in the previous layer, denotes the total filters, is the total output channels, is total neurons in the current layer, and represents the total neurons in the previous layer [ [49] , [50] , [51] ]. The total number of parameters obtained for the model is defined in Eq.…”

Rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens based on nucleic acid amplification: Recent advances, remaining challenges, and possible opportunities

“…Fig. 1 A presents the schematic mechanism of the PCR technique, a process involving three main steps in each cycle: denaturation, where the DNA strands separate at high temperature; annealing, where short DNA primers attach to target sequences at lower temperature; and extension, where DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers at a moderate temperature ( Kabiraz et al, 2023a ). This cycle is typically repeated around 20–40 times.…”

“…Real-time PCR (also known as “qPCR”) measures the amplification of DNA during each PCR cycle using fluorescent dyes or probes ( Kabiraz et al, 2023a ). In qPCR, the fluorescence signal increases as the amplified DNA accumulates.…”

“…Due to the time-consuming nature of the culture-based method, its resource-intensive requirements, susceptibility to contamination risks, and the need for skilled personnel to achieve enhanced outcomes, there has been a gradual shift towards the adoption of immunological-based, biosensor-based, and molecular-based methods for detecting pathogens in food samples ( Kabiraz et al, 2023a ). However, the immunological techniques often suffer from limitations related to antibody cross-reactions leading to false-positive results, and subsequently, challenges of low sensitivity and limited specificity arise ( Kabiraz et al, 2023a ). In contrast, biosensors offer advantages over traditional approaches by delivering rapid results, affordability, ease of execution, and reduced labor demand ( Kabiraz et al, 2023a , Saravanan et al, 2021 ).…”

Target-triggered dual signal amplification based on HCR-enhanced nanozyme activity for the sensitive visual detection of Escherichia coli

“…14 ELISA is used to test the presence of antigens or antibodies in biological samples but it is difficult to operate when the resources are limited, and the synthesis of specific antibodies is also challenging. 15,16 With the increasing demand for fast, simple, specific, and sensitive detection systems for pathogenic bacteria, various biosensing systems have been established, among which antibodies and nucleic acids are the most widely used. 17–19 Compared with antibodies, aptamers are considered to be a more promising recognition element with the features of the multifunctionality of the structure design, low cost, repeatable synthesis, and easy modification.…”