Convention tourism modelling

A study of the non‐economic determinants in tourism demand

“…However, there are 29 countries or territories that did not have tourist arrival data from four continents, they are Afghanistan, Canary Islands, Ceuta, Channel Islands, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Liberia, Madeira Island, Mauritania, Mayotte, Melilla, Netherlands Antilles, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, San Marina, Solomon Islands, Somali Democratic Republic, Turkmenistan and Western Sahara. Also, there are 25 countries or territories that did not have tourist arrival data from at least one continent (mainly from Oceania), they are Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Republic of the Congo, Curacao, Gambia, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Luxembourg, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Norway, Qatar, Reunion, Saba, Saint Helena, Saint Maarten, Attitude towards tourists (Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979;Gallarza et al, 2002;Getz and Brown, 2006) Social factors (Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979) Tourism products/ services Natural heritage (Lew, 1987;Getz and Brown, 2006;Getz, 1993;Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979) Cultural heritage (Getz and Brown, 2006;Kim, 1996;Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979) Entertainment and recreational facilities Shopping and relaxing facilities (Getz, 1993;Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979) Sport and recreational facilities (Kim, 1998;Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979) Tourism supportAccommodation (Kim, 1996) Accessibility of a region (Russo and Borg, 2002;Var et al, 1985;Kim, 1998;<...>…”

“…Thus, the perceived image of a destination will have an infl uence on the intention and actions of a person (tourist) to visit a destination. Empirically, Var et al (1985) showed that destination image of a convention venue is directly proportional to the number of delegates going to the convention.Third, according to Sauran (1978), the main difference between the economic and non-economic types of factors is that economic variables generally account for the total demand of an origin country and that the role of non-economic variables has more to do with the types of tourism. For instance, tourists in Thailand may probably go for shopping and relaxation, tourists in Europe may look for the historical heritages.…”

“…It is nice to have a mix of short and long haul trips during a year. Usually, the number of short hauls would be greater than the number of long hauls for a normal traveller, unless (Russo and Borg, 2002;Var et al, 1985;Kim, 1998;Lew, 1987;Getz, 1993;Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979;Gallarza et al, 2002) Registered aircraft departures Cultural heritage (Getz and Brown, 2006;Kim, 1996;Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979) Cultural world heritage Natural heritage (Lew, 1987;Getz and Brown, 2006;Getz, 1993;Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979) Natural world heritage Environmental condition (Kim, 1998) Carbon dioxide emissions, distance Infrastructure on road network (Getz, 1993;Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979) Total road network Social factor (Gearing et al, 1974;Ritchie and Zins, 1978;Schmidt, 1979) Social index Seasonality and Climate (Lew, 1987;Kim, 1998;Gallarza et al, 2002) Average of monthly mean temperature, Standard deviation of monthly mean temperature he/she is travelling on business or for other purposes. Registered aircraft departure is a signifi cant and important factor to tourists from the four continents.…”

“…Ritchie and Zins (1978) have conducted a study on the importance of cultural and social impact on destination image using a survey on 135 respondents. They identify four dimensions of cultural image of a tourism region: Var et al (1985) have studied the destination image on convention tourism and found two important factors that determine the number of delegates. The fi rst one is accessibility on how close a convention is to the hometown of a delegate, and the second one is the attractiveness of the convention location.…”

Do neighbouring countries encourage the demand of international business tourism?

“…Several researchers have highlighted that business tourism grants countries a multitude of benefits of an economic, social and cultural nature; namely, it reduces the problem of seasonality associated with leisure tourism, shares the same physical infrastructures of leisure tourism, improves the image of the destination, stimulates the leisure market, is a more powerful source of revenue than leisure tourism, strengthens international trade and cultural ties between countries and is a tourism sector strongly generator of direct and indirect jobs (Wootton & Stevens, 1995 The majority of studies in this field have focused on the analysis of this sector using micro data (primary data obtained from surveys) and a consumer behaviour approach. However, a few studies have used a macro approach, examining the factors that may lead to the enhancement of competitiveness of the countries in this tourism segment (Var, Cesario & Mauser, 1985;Kulendran & Witt, 2003) and none of them has considered that international business tourism operates in a global context. Thus, each of these previous studies has researched only a part of this complex phenomenon.…”