“…Researchers claimed that optimizing heat transfer surfaces, inducing flow disturbances, and altering flow patterns, can significantly enhance heat transfer rates. The most widely used techniques to accelerate heat transmission rate include the use of vortex generators [ 6 ], inserts [ 7 ], turbulators [ 8 , 9 ], obstructions [ 10 ], cavities [ 11 ], reentrance [ 12 ], converging and diverging areas [ 13 ], magnetic fields [ 14 ], adding nanoparticles [ 15 ], secondary flow [ 16 ], and surface corrugation [ [17] , [18] , [19] ]. These methods are frequently employed either individually or in combination, especially in compact heat exchanger contexts.…”